<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-0129</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Politécnica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Politéc. (Quito)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-0129</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Politécnica Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-01292025000400119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33333/rp.vol56n2.10</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de la Relación entre El Niño, CO2 y CH4 mediante Redes Neuronales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of the Relationship between El Niño, CO2 and CH4 Using Neural Networks]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Llugsi,]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Álvarez,]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pablo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lupera,]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fontaine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allyx,]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional DETRI ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of French Guiana UMR ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cayenne ]]></addr-line>
<country>French Guiana</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-01292025000400119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-01292025000400119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-01292025000400119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo presenta un análisis novedoso de la influencia del CO2 y del CH4 en la identificación de los fenómenos de &#8220;El Niño&#8221; y "La Niña". En primer lugar, se presenta la metodología estadística para la detección temprana de &#8220;El Niño&#8221; y "La Niña" basada en el análisis de la información histórica de la Anomalía de Temperatura producida en los Océanos por estos fenómenos. En segundo lugar, se presenta un análisis estadístico para estudiar una posible relación entre el CO2 y el CH4 y la Anomalía de Temperatura. Se aplican tres modelos de Redes Neuronales y se analiza la correlación entre la serie obtenida y la real, así como las métricas de error respectivas. Los resultados muestran que un modelo Codificador Decodificador Convolucional es la estructura más adecuada para llevar a cabo este propósito porque muestra un coeficiente de correlación de 0.991 y métricas de error de MSE (Error Cuadrático Medio) = 0.096, RMSE (Raíz del Error Cuadrático Medio) = 0.309 y MAE (Error Medio Absoluto) = 0.249. Sin embargo, la cantidad de información histórica sobre el CH4 se convierte en una limitación para detectar una relación adicional.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This paper takes a fresh look at the influence of CO2 and CH4 for the identification of &#8220;El Niño&#8221; episodes. We first introduce the statistical methodology for early detection based on the analysis of the historical information Temperature Anomaly produced in the Oceans by the &#8220;El Niño&#8221; episode. Second, we introduce a statistical analysis to study a possible relation between CO2 and CH4 with the Temperature Anomaly. We apply three Neural Network models and we analyze the correlation between the obtained series and the real one as well as the respective error metrics. The outcome shows that a Convolutional Encoder Decoder model is the most suitable structure to carry out this purpose because it shows a correlation coefficient of 0.991 and error metrics of MSE (Mean Squared Error) = 0.096, RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) = 0.309, MAE (Mean Absolute Error) = 0.249. However, the amount of historical information on CH4 becomes a limitation to detect a further relationship.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neural Networks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[LSTM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Convolutional Encoder-Decoder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[El Niño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[La Niña]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ENSO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Redes Neuronales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[LSTM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Codificador-Decodificador Convolucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[El Niño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[La Niña]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ENSO]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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