<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2631-2581</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Ecuat Neurol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2631-2581</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Médica Ecuatoriana de Neurología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2631-25812017000100128</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Búsqueda de substitutos para estudios de neuroimagen con propósitos de investigación: Experiencia del Proyecto Atahualpa.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The search of surrogates for neuroimaging studies for research purposes: The Atahualpa Project Experience.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robertino M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aldo F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zambrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viteri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nader]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Samborondón ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Vanderbilt University Medical Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Nashville TN]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Apoyo Comunitario Atahualpa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Humana Visión Ophthalmological Center  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Médica Sur Department of Neurology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Stony Brook University School of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New York NY]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>128</fpage>
<lpage>134</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2631-25812017000100128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2631-25812017000100128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2631-25812017000100128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El diagnóstico de muchas de las enfermedades neurológicas no transmisibles requiere de la práctica de una resonancia magnética, la cual no se encuentra disponible en regiones rurales o remotas. Es importante realizar esfuerzos destinados a encontrar pruebas diagnósticas portátiles que sirvan como tamizaje para la identificación de personas que necesitan ser sometidas a una IRM. Como parte del Proyecto Atahualpa, hemos invitado a todos los participantes &#8805;60 años para la práctica de una IRM de cerebro y aproximadamente el 80% de las personas han aceptado el procedimiento. Por lo tanto, tenemos la oportunidad única de probar la validez de pruebas no-invasivas que puedan ser utilizadas como substitutos de resonancia para identificar candidatos a hacerse dicho examen. Hasta la fecha, hemos estudiado el valor del índice tobillo-brazo, la confiabilidad de la relación neutrófilos-linfocitos, la exactitud de la presencia de retinopatía hipertensiva y el valor del Doppler transcraneal para la detección de personas con enfermedad de pequeño vaso cerebral. Los individuos con índice tobillo-brazo anormal tiene 4 veces más riesgo de tener un infarto lacunar silente que aquellos con índice normal. Una relación neutrófilos-linfocitos elevada es pobremente sensitiva pero altamente específica para detectar personas con por lo menos un marcador de imagen de enfermedad de pequeño vaso. Los individuos con retinopatía hipertensiva Grados 2-3 tienen casi 4 veces más riesgo de tener hiperintensidades de sustancia blanca que aquellos con retinopatía Grado 1 o sin retinopatía. Finalmente, la correlación del índice de pulsatilidad de las arterias intracraneales para detectar marcadores de enfermedad de pequeño vaso es pobre. Seguimos en la búsqueda de una prueba económica y confiable que permita la identificación de sujetos aparentemente sanos, con riesgo de desarrollar eventos cerebrovasculares catastróficos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Diagnosis of many non-communicable neurological diseases require the use of MRI, which is not readily available in remote rural populations. Efforts should be directed to find portable screening diagnostic tools that may help identify candidates for MRI screening. In the Atahualpa Project, all participants aged &#8805;60 years have been invited for the practice of MRI, and about 80% of them have underwent the procedure. Therefore, we have the unique opportunity to test the accuracy of non-invasive exams to be used as surrogates to MRI for identifying candidates for the practice of this exam. To date, we have assessed the value of the ankle-brachial index ABI), the reliability of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the accuracy of hypertensive retinopathy, and the value of transcranial Doppler (TCD) to detect individuals with cerebral small vessel disease. Individuals with an abnormal ABI have 4 times de odds of having a silent lacunar infarct than those with a normal ABI. A high NLR has a poor sensitivity but is highly specific for detecting persons with at least one imaging signature of small vessel disease. Individuals with hypertensive retinopathy Grades 2-3 are almost four times more likely to have moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities than those with no- or only Grade 1 retinopathy. Finally, the correlation between the pulsatility indexes of major cerebral arteries with imaging markers of small vessel disease, as assessed by TCD, was poor. We are still in the search of some non-expensive and readily available biomarker that allow the identification of apparently healthy persons at risk of suffering a catastrophic cerebrovascular event.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atahualpa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estudio poblacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[epidemiología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índice tobillo-brazo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relación neutrófilos-linfocitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Doppler transcraneal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Retinopatía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Atahualpa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[population-based study]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epidemiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ankle-brachial index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transcranial Doppler]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Retinopathy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stroke epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies at a regional level: Latin America and the Caribbean.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hennis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Neurol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>362-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[25 years of Neuroepidemiology in the Americas.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurol Neurocir Psiquiatr]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>129-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fowkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<page-range>1329-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality]]></article-title>
<collab>Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>300</volume>
<page-range>197-208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low ankle-brachial index and risk of stroke.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atherosclerosis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>229</volume>
<page-range>317-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ankle-brachial index long-term outcome after first-ever ischemic stroke.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milionis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vemmou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ntaios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Neurol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>1471-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ankle-brachial index predicts stroke in the general population in addition to classical risk factors.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gronewold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hermann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atherosclerosis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>233</volume>
<page-range>545-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increased brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is independently associated with white matter hyperintensities.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shimizu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawarai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neuroepidemiology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>252-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association of arterial stiffness with silent cerebrovascular lesions: the Ohasama Study.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatanaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cerebrovasc Dis]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>329-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association between silent brain infarct and arterial stiffness indicated by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shimizu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>1003-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aboyans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Criqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<page-range>2890-909</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The association of ankle-brachial index with silent cerebral small vessel disease: results of the Atahualpa Project.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Stroke]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>589-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ankle-brachial index in screening for asymptomatic carotid and intracranial atherosclerosis.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jimenez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atherosclerosis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>233</volume>
<page-range>72-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measurement of ankle-brachial index for assessment of atherosclerosis in patients with stroke.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohkuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cerebrovasc Dis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>212-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coexistent extra- and intracranial stenosis, cervical atherosclerosis, and abnormal ankle brachial index in acute ischemic stroke.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ratanokorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keandoungchun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tegeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>782-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ankle-brachial index determination for assessment of intracranial atherosclerosis.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>222</volume>
<page-range>701-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sumaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rijal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>55-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Atrial fibrillation is strongly associated with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in acute ischemic stroke patients: a retrospective study.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Min]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Lab Anal]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>e22041</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and intracerebral hemorrhage in type 2 diabetes mellitus.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>930-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and aortic arch calcification in ischemic stroke patients.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>1228-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and silent cerebral small vessel disease in community-dwelling older adults. The Atahualpa Project.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zambrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Geriatrics Gerontol Int]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association between silent brain infarct and arterial stiffness indicated by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shimizu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>1003-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[White matter hyperintensities and geriatric syndrome: an important role of arterial stiffness.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakurai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Geriatr Gerontol Int]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>(Suppl 1)</numero>
<issue>(Suppl 1)</issue>
<page-range>17-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Augustine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[C Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LaMantia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNamara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<edition>3rd Ed.</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sunderland, MA. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sinauer Associates, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[D.J. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cerebral white matter lesions, retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke,]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharrett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<page-range>67-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retinal vessel diameter and risk of stroke; the Rotterdam Study.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ikram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Jong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vingerling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>1339-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retinopathy as an indicator of silent brain infarction in asymptomatic hypertensive subjects.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Sci]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>252</volume>
<page-range>159-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Microvascular lesions in the brain and retina: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigurdsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Neurol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>569-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypertensive retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease in Amerindians living in rural Ecuador: the Atahualpa Project.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viteri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>218</volume>
<page-range>65-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association of ultrasonographic parameters with subclinical white-matter hyperintensities in hypertensive patients.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heliopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artemis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vadikolias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<page-range>616572</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of age-related white matter changes using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neuroimaging]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>53-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transcranial Doppler pulsatility indices as a measure of diffuse small-vessel disease.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kidwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Saden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Livshits]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neuroimaging]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>229-325</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disappointing reliability of pulsatility indices to identify candidates for magnetic resonance imaging screening in population-based studies assessing prevalence of small vessel disease.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Brutto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Luz Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosci Rural Pract]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>336-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increased cerebral arterial pulsatility in patients with leukoaraiosis: arterial stiffness enhances transmission of aortic pulsatility.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzucco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stroke]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>2631-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
