<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2631-2484</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro: Revista de Derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2631-2484</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. Sede Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2631-24842022000100159</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32719/26312484.2022.37.8</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las penas perdidas: los nudos críticos del sistema carcelario en el Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Lost Penalties: Critical Tangle about Ecuador's Prison System]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcella da Fonte]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Viviane Monteiro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Andrés Charry]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Américas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,IAEN  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Investigador independiente  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>37</numero>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>180</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2631-24842022000100159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2631-24842022000100159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2631-24842022000100159&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La violencia extrema vivida en las cárceles del Ecuador cobró, en febrero de 2021, 79 vidas. El artículo plantea un acercamiento a los hechos desde tres ejes: la función de la pena, las obligaciones internacionales del Estado ecuatoriano en materia de Derechos Humanos y la política criminal. El análisis tiene en cuenta la normativa nacional e internacional sobre la materia, la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana y autores de referencia. Se concluye que las condiciones de encarcelamiento en el Ecuador son incompatibles con los derechos humanos de las personas privadas de libertad y con los fines constitucionales de la pena. Asimismo, se analiza el tema carcelario desde la política criminal, entendida como política pública de acuerdo a los estándares interamericanos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The extreme violence experienced in the prisons of Ecuador claimed 79 lives in February 2021. The article proposes an approach to the facts from three axes: the function of the penalty, the international obligations of the Ecuadorian State in terms of Human Rights and criminal policy. The analysis takes into account the national and international regulations on the matter, the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court, as well as reference authors. It is concluded that the conditions of imprisonment in Ecuador are incompatible with the human rights of persons deprived of liberty and with the constitutional purposes of the penalty. Likewise, the prison issue is analyzed from criminal policy, understood as public policy according to inter-American standards.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cárcel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pena]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derechos humanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[obligaciones del Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política criminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[prison]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[penalties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[human rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[obligations of the State]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal policy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sistema penal para o terceiro milénio]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araujo Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João Marcello]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atos do Coloquio Marc Ancel]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[REVAN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asamblea General del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sesión 695 - Comisión General, 01-03-2021]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La política criminal en el gobierno de la "revolución ciudadana": del garantismo al punitivismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila Santamaría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramiro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista IURIS]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Binder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis Político Criminal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Astrea]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bitencourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cesar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratado de Direito Penal. Parte Geral]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Saraiva]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castejón]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arizala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martínez de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prólogo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adolf]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Defensa Social y las Transformaciones del Derecho Penal]]></source>
<year>1912</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hijos de Reus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CIDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe n.° 86/09, Caso 12.553, Fondo, José, Jorge y Dante Peirano Basso]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Uruguay ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CIDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre Seguridad Ciudadana y Derechos Humanos]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OEA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CIDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Políticas públicas con enfoque de derechos humanos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OEA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CIDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución 1/08, establece los Principios y Buenas Prácticas sobre la Protección de las Personas Privadas de Libertad en las Américas]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernillo de jurisprudéncia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos n 9: Personas privadas de libertad]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corte IDH]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia de 07 de septiembre de 2004 (Excepciones Preliminares, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas)]]></article-title>
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso Tibi vs. Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sentencia de 18 de agosto de 2000 (Fondo)". Caso Cantoral Benavides vs. Perú]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia de 2 de septiembre de 2004 (Excepciones Preliminares, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas)]]></article-title>
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso "Instituto de Reeducación del Menor" vs. Paraguay]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia de 8 de julio de 2004 (Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas)]]></article-title>
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso de los Hermanos Gómez Paquiyauri vs. Perú]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Corte IDH</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución n 18/02. Asunto de la Cárcel de Urso Branco respecto Brasil. Medidas Provisionales]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[El Universo]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiandaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enzo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho Penal Parte General]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Temis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krauth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La prisión preventiva en el Ecuador, Serie Justicia y Defensa]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Defensoría Pública del Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luzón Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lecciones de Derecho Penal Parte General]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbembe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Achille]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archambault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisabeth Falomir]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Necropolítica seguido de Sobre el gobierno privado e indirecto]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Melusina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mir Puig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho Penal Parte General]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reppertor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mir Puig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estado, pena y delito]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BdeF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morillas Cueva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lorenzo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Metodología y Ciencia Penal]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Granada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Universidad de Granada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz Conde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho Penal Parte General]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz Conde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Edmund Mezger y el Derecho Penal de su tiempo]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pavarini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Massimo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Castigar al enemigo. Criminalidad, exclusión e inseguridad]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLAC-SO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Prieto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Garantismo y derecho penal]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Iustel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Resumen del informe sobre la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roxin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho Penal Parte General Tomo I]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Civitas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aproximación al Derecho Penal Contemporáneo]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BdeF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaffaroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugenio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de Derecho Penal. Parte General]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaffaroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugenio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Morir de Cárcel. Paradigmas jushumanistas desde el virus de nuestro tiempo]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaffaroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugenio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Direito Penal Brasileiro]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[REVAN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
