<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2477-9075</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Economía y Política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Economía y Política]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2477-9075</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Cuenca]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2477-90752026000100049</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25097/rep.n43.2026.03</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La Dolarización y su Relación con la Inseguridad Económica en el Ecuador (2014-2023)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dollarization and its relationship with economic insecurity in Ecuador (2014-2023)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chimbo-Jerez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chimbo-Jerez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,pedrojosechimbojerez@gmail.com  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,miguelchimbojerez12@gmail.com  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>43</numero>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2477-90752026000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2477-90752026000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2477-90752026000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este estudio examina la relación entre la dolarización y la estabilidad económica en Ecuador en el período 2014-2023. La estabilidad económica representa indicadores como el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), ingreso por persona, tasa de inflación y la inversión extranjera directa (IED). Bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, los hallazgos mostraron que la dolarización se relaciona con una inflación controlada, lo que a su vez ha atraído IED. Tanto el PIB como el ingreso per cápita mostraron un aumento, pero la brecha de desigualdad económica se mantuvo. Se evidenció una correlación entre la IED y la desigualdad (r=0.012; p=0.973) pero entre el ingreso per cápita y la desigualdad (r=-0.561; p=0.091), no mostró significancia. Comparado con Colombia, se notó que, si bien ambos países experimentaron crecimiento, la economía colombiana mostró una mayor inestabilidad en cuanto a la inflación, sugiriendo que la dolarización en Ecuador está asociada a una mayor estabilidad en los precios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This study examines the relationship between dollarization and economic stability in Ecuador during the period 2014-2023. Economic stability is represented by indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), per capita income, inflation rate, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Using a quantitative approach, the findings showed that dollarization is associated with controlled inflation, which in turn has attracted FDI. Both GDP and per capita income showed an increase, but the economic inequality gap remained. A correlation was found between FDI and inequality (r=0.012; p=0.973), but the correlation between per capita income and inequality (r=-0.561; p=0.091), it was not significant. Compared to Colombia, it was noted that, although both countries experienced growth, the Colombian economy showed greater instability in terms of inflation, suggesting that dollarization in Ecuador is associated with greater price stability.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad económica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolarización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inversión extranjera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad económica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dollarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[foreign investment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic security]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inequality of opportunity, inequality of income and economic growth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aiyar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebeke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>136</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Nigeria]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adewale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olopade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogbaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>302-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvache]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dollarized economies in Latin America. An inflationary analysis of pre, during and post pandemic]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bajrami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Macroprudential policies and dollarisation: Implications for the financial system and a cross-exchange rate regime analysis]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Prague ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Charles University in Prague]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Central del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[20 años de dolarización ecuatoriana: análisis del sector real e indicadores sociales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Central del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín de estadísticas macroeconómicas 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The pros and cons of full dollarization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borensztein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economics Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>3-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los viajes de intercambio y las ferias. Relatos y vigencia del trueque en la Puna jujeña (Argentina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergesio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Atacameños]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>407-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cambios en los objetivos y en los instrumentos de la política económica en contextos de crisis e incertidumbre: Especial énfasis en el impacto de las criptomonedas sobre la estabilidad monetaria y financiera]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernardino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atlántida. Revista Canaria de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>121-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The unique dollarization case of Lebanon]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bitar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Producción y organización espacial de viejas y &#8216;nuevas&#8217; desigualdades en Quito]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrión]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Andamios: Revista de Investigación Social]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>101-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dollarization and economic interdependence: the case of Ecuador.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Truong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez-Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Analysis Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>85-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of FDI, industrialization, and education on the environment in Argentina: ARDL approach]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ridwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Heliyon]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dollarization in Ecuador: 2000-2024]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connolly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Operations Research,]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>346</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>693-701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fiscal and monetary policy of economic development]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chugunov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasichnyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koroviy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaneva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nikitishin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Sustainable Development]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convertibility and dollarization: Economic policy tools]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cueva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tipán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adalid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Remittances Review]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>856</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does crime affect economic growth?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Detotto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otranto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kyklos,]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>330-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dollarization and economic performance: An empirical investigation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>249-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Expansión</collab>
<source><![CDATA[PIB de Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inequality and violent crime]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajnzylber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loayza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Law and Economics]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goded]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Por qué se puede (y debe) dolarizar Argentina en el 2024]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Juan de Mariana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Dollar hegemon? Evidence and implications for policymakers]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gourinchas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.-O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Asian Monetary Policy Forum]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>264-300</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[World Scientific]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long run economic growth performance in Latin America - 1820-2016]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valderrama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Surveys]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>833-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Central banking and fragmentation of currency markets in an emerging economy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ige]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Qualitative Research in Financial Markets]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Indicadores laborales y sociales: Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jácome]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La dolarización en Ecuador: Resultados macroeconómicos y retos a futuro]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two decades of tax-benefit reforms in Ecuador: How much have they contributed to poverty and inequality reduction?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montesdeoca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colmenarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>190</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can Monetary Policy Prevent Financial Crises?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kallianiotis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Economics and Financial Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>51-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of Zimbabwe&#8217;s currency crisis on youth employment: Case of youth&#8217;s in the informal sector]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Studies]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desarrollo y crecimiento económico: Análisis teórico desde un enfoque cuantitativo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuetara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labarca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cartay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de ciencias sociales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>233-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of reserve requirements on macroeconomic and financial stability in a small open economy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mnatsakanyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SN Business and Economics]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dollarization, private banking and financial profitability in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meireles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Problemas Del Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>215</numero>
<issue>215</issue>
<page-range>149-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dolarización en Argentina]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Juan de Mariana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colombian monetary and exchange rate policy over the past decade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malagón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>454-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stabilization programs in chronic-inflation countries: evidence from Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palazzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rapetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Development Studies]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<page-range>1-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Official dollarization and the banking system in Ecuador and El Salvador]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quispe-Agnoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whisler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>55-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La dolarización como herramienta de cambio: Lecciones del milagro ecuatoriano. Instituto]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Respuestas a tres grupos de críticos de la dolarización argentina]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Juan de Mariana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Frente a los 200 economistas que se oponen a la dolarización]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Juan de Mariana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dolarización e inflación en Ecuador]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmiento-Paucar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala-Cadena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espín-Salambay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Iste Scientist]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>02</numero>
<issue>02</issue>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[One country, one currency: Arguments for and against dollarization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Starr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Issues]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>663-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between income inequality and economic growth: Are transmission channels effective?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topuz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Indicators Research]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>162</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1177-231</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dollarization in Ecuador, economic growth, trade balance, impact on Ecuadorian foreign trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>233-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A challenge of sustainability: The US Economy, De-dollarization and the BRICS Plan]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Niekerk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In West to East: A New Global Economy in the Making?]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<page-range>37-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Indicators (historical database]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Indicators (WDI]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Bank.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Indicators (WDI) - Ecuador: Gini index y GDP per capita (current USD]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank Data]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distributional consequences of monetary policy in emerging economies: Dollarization, domestic inflation, and income divergence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ybrayev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>186-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global shocks and local fragilities: A financial stress index approach to Pakistan&#8217;s monetary and asset market dynamics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yousfani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iftikhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Gonzales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economies]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>243</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El sistema Bretton Woods, una estrategia estadounidense de dominación mundial. Fondo monetario internacional, banco mundial y el dólar en la segunda mitad del siglo XX]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuluaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudiantes de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>96-109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
