<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2477-9075</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Economía y Política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Economía y Política]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2477-9075</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Cuenca]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2477-90752019000200131</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Elasticidad-renta del comercio bilateral mediante el Modelo Gravitacional. Caso Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Income elasticity of bilateral trade through the Gravitational Model. Case Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tonon Ordóñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinos Luzuriaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albornoz Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paulo E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Azuay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Azuay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Azuay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Azuay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>30</numero>
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>152</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2477-90752019000200131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2477-90752019000200131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2477-90752019000200131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este trabajo determina la importancia estadística del Producto Interno Bruto en el flujo comercial del Ecuador con 19 socios comerciales del continente americano y obtiene la elasticidad-renta de los flujos comerciales bilaterales, con base en el modelo gravitacional de comercio exterior en lo referente al tamaño (masa) de las economías con las que comercian y la distancia que lo separan. Para este trabajo se estructuraron bases de datos con el PIB nominal de cada país y los flujos comerciales expresados en valores FOB, en dólares estadounidenses, y las distancias en kilómetros entre las capitales. Para el cálculo de las elasticidades se aplicó un modelo de Datos de Panel con efectos aleatorios para la obtención de los respectivos coeficientes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This study determines the statistical importance of the Gross Domestic Product in the trade flow of Ecuador with 19 trading partners of the American continent and obtains the income elasticity of bilateral trade flows based on the gravity model of foreign trade, in terms of the size (mass) of the economies they trade with and the distance between them. For this work, databases were structured with the nominal GDP of each country and the trade flows expressed in FOB values, in U.S. dollars, and the distances in kilometers between the capitals. For the calculation of elasticities, a Panel Data model with random effects was applied to obtain the respective coefficients.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelo gravitacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comercio bilateral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elasticidad de la renta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Producto Interno Bruto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Datos de Panel de efectos aleatorios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gravity model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bilateral trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[income elasticity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gross Domestic Product]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Random Effects Panel Data]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albornoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aplicación del Modelo de Gravedad entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea para el periodo 2001 - 2017]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cuenca ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elasticidades del comercio exterior en América Latina. Estimaciones para 1993 - 2014]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albornoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ciclos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>61-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Theoretical Foundation for Gravity Equation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>106-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Appleyard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía internacional]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio México-Unión Europea mediante un modelo gravitacional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bacaria-Colom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio-Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artal-Tur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economia Mexicana, Nueva Epoca]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>143-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltagi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfaffermayr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Panel Data Gravity Models of International Trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltagi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Panel Data]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>608-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Central del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Banco Central del Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Cómo y por qué evolucionan los costos del comercio?]]></article-title>
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La ayuda para el comercio en síntesis 2015: Reducir los costos del comercio con miras a un crecimiento inclusivo y sostenible]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>69-92</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development / World Trade Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Bank Open Data]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>474-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gravity Redux: Estimation of gravity-equation coefficients, elasticities of substitution, and general equilibrium comparative statics under asymmetric bilateral trade costs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>110-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The importance of dynamics in panel gravity models of trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klaassen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[UvA Econometrics Discussion Paper]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisiting the effects of regional trade agreements on trade flows with proper specification of the gravity model]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrère]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>223-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Gravity Equation in International Trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>475-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daniels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radebaugh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Negocios internacionales]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<edition>14</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Edicación, S.A.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Benedictis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taglioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Gravity Model in International Trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Benedictis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatici]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Trade Impact of European Union Preferential Policies: An Analysis Through Gravity Models]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>55-90</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deardorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[NBER Working Paper]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>W5377</numero>
<issue>W5377</issue>
<page-range>7-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Distance Calculator</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Distance Calculator FInd Distance Between Cities]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones, comercio Norte-Sur y desarrollo desigual]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dutt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuestiones económicas]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>59-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The proper panel econometric specification of the gravity equation: A three-way model with bilateral interaction effects]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfaffermayr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Empirical Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>571-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feenstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio internacional]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reverté-Aguilar, S.L.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gachet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lastra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loján]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cálculo de las elasticidades de la demanda total de importaciones en el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Central del Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Some evidence on the international price mechanism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>123-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krugman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obstfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía international: Teoría y política]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<edition>9</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Edicación, S.A.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principios de Economia]]></source>
<year>1890</year>
<edition>Octava</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prometheus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El efecto de China en el comercio internacional de América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montenegro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soloaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios de Economía]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>341-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estructura y Determinantes Principales del Comercio Internacional para el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measurement of Price Elasticities in International Trade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orcutt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1950</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>117-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demystifying modelling methods for trade policy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piermartini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Trade Organization]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pöyhönen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>93-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Balance of Payments Constraint as an Explanation of International Growth Rate Differences]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thirlwall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<page-range>45-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Shaping the World Economy; Suggestions for an International Economic Policy]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Twentieth Century Fund]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dolarización, dinámica de exportaciones y equidad: ¿cómo compatibilizarlas en el caso de Ecuador?]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Multifaceted Panel Data Gravity Model Analysis of Peru&#8217;s Foreign Trade]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yotov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piermartini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An advanced guide to trade policy analysis: The structural gravity model]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva, Switzerland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Trade Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elasticidades del comercio exterior de la Argentina:¿ una limitación para el crecimiento?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Argentina de Economía Internacional]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>31-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
