<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2477-8850</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Siembra ]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Siembra]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2477-8850</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Central del Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2477-88502026000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29166/siembra.v13i1.9647</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diagnóstico de plomo en sangre de caninos y felinos de entornos urbanos y rurales de la parroquia Calceta &#8211; Manabí]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diagnosis of lead in the blood of dogs and cats in urban and rural areas of the Calceta parish, Manabí]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia Angul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Naomi Thais]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Intriago Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vicente Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2477-88502026000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2477-88502026000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2477-88502026000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los niveles de plomo en sangre de caninos y felinos de entornos urbanos y rurales de la parroquia Calceta, cantón Bolívar, Manabí-Ecuador, donde se obtuvieron 32 muestras sanguíneas (20 caninos y 12 felinos). Éstas se analizaron mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica; así mismo, se complementó con encuestas a los tutores para evaluar las condiciones de manejo de los animales de compañía. Los resultados revelaron que la mayoría de las muestras presentaron concentraciones inferiores al límite detectable (0,005 ppm); los animales del sector rural mostraron una media de 0,01 mg L-1, superando los valores de referencia. Sin embargo, el análisis estadístico no muestra diferencias importantes entre especie o sector. Por otro lado, se encontró una variación significativa según el sexo (p = 0,0274), donde las hembras son más susceptibles a niveles altos de plomo en sangre que los machos. Este hallazgo se atribuye a procesos fisiológicos de movilización ósea del metal hacia la sangre durante la gestación y lactancia. Asimismo, se identificaron factores de riesgo como la alimentación mixta (62,5%), la permanencia constante con el exterior (53,1%), una marcada ausencia de controles veterinarios (59,4%) y de exámenes sanguíneos previos (93,8%). Pese a que el 87,5% de los animales no presentó signos clínicos, se detectaron niveles de plomo en animales asintomáticos, confirmando la importancia del diagnóstico preventivo. Se concluye que los animales de compañía de Calceta actúan como centinelas ambientales ante la exposición de plomo, siendo importante fomentar la educación sobre bienestar animal y medicina preventiva.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study was to determine blood lead levels in dogs and cats from urban and rural areas in Calceta parish, Bolívar canton, Manabí, Ecuador, where 32 blood samples (20 from dogs and 12 from cats) were collected. These samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, additionally, surveys were conducted with pet owners to assess animal management conditions. The results showed that most samples had concentrations below the detectable limit (0.005 ppm). Animals from rural areas presented a mean of 0.01 mg L-1, exceeding the reference values. However, statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences between species or location (urban vs. rural). On the other hand, a significant variation was found according to sex (p = 0.0274), with females being more susceptible to higher blood lead levels than males. This finding is attributed to physiological processes involving bone mobilization of lead into the bloodstream during gestation and lactation. Furthermore, several risk factors were identified, including mixed feeding practices (62.5%), constant outdoor exposure (53.1%), a marked lack of veterinary check-ups (59.4%), and absence of prior blood testing (93.8%). Although 87.5% of the animals did not show clinical signs, lead levels were detected in asymptomatic individuals, highlighting the importance of preventive diagnosis. In conclusion, companion animals in Calceta act as environmental sentinels for lead exposure, emphasizing the need to promote education on animal welfare and preventive veterinary medicine.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[caninos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espectrofotometría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[felinos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[intoxicación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[metal pesado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sexo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[urbano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cats]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dogs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heavy metal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[poisoning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sex]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spectrophotometry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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