<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-8596</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[LA GRANJA. Revista de Ciencias de la Vida ]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[La Granja]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-8596</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Politécnica Salesiana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-85962025000100127</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17163/lgr.n41.2025.08</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de la calidad fisicoquímica, microbiana e higiénica de la leche de vaca producida por rebaños en los Andes peruanos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Assessment of Physicochemical, Microbial, and Hygienic Quality of Raw Cow Milk Produced in Dairy Herds from the Peruvian Andes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando Arauco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estremadoyro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonor Guzmán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pantoja Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noemí Mayorga]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Unchupaico Payano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ide]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huamán De La Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>127</fpage>
<lpage>139</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-85962025000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-85962025000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-85962025000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Valle del Mantaro, Región Junín, Perú, con el objetivo de evaluar propiedades fisicoquímicas, calidad microbiana e higiénica de 40 muestras de leche cruda recolectada de rebaños bovinos lecheros de cuatro provincias: Huancayo (n = 13), Concepción (n = 11), Jauja (n = 9) y Chupaca (n = 7). Las propiedades fisicoquímicas se cuantificaron mediante la evaluación del contenido de grasa, densidad, sólidos no grasos, proteína, adición de agua, punto de congelación, sales, sólidos totales, lactosa y pH utilizando el analizador de leche Lactoscan SP. La calidad microbiana se determinó a través de bacterias mesófilas viables (VMB), coliformes totales (TC), coliformes fecales (FC) y levaduras y mohos (YMC). Además, la presencia de antibióticos se midió mediante el kit de prueba SNAPduo * ST plus y el tiempo de reducción mediante la reducción de colorante azul de metileno (MBRT). Los resultados reportados en este estudio indican que las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la leche cruda de vaca fueron adecuadas en comparación con los niveles estándar. En calidad microbiana, solo Chupaca mostró valores superiores (6,28 log ufc/mL) a los recomendados (5,3 log ufc/mL). Asimismo, las bacterias totales por mL en Huancayo (H, 19,12 × 10 5 ) y Concepción (C, 1,18 × 10 5 ) fueron relativamente altas en comparación con el nivel aceptable (1 × 10 5 bacterias por mL de leche cruda). La presencia de antibiótico se encontró en el 37,5 % (n = 15) del total de muestras (n = 40). El análisis MBRT informó 32,5 %, 45,0 % y 22,5 %, como de calidad excelente, buena y aceptable, respectivamente. Así, se concluyó que las propiedades fisicoquímicas presentaron nivel adecuado mientras que la calidad microbiana en las zonas fue buena pero recomendable para enriquecer las prácticas higiénicas, la higiene personal en el manejo de la leche por presencia de microbios y concienciar al público en temas de seguridad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The study was performed in Mantaro Valley, Junín, Perú, with the aim to evaluate the physicochemical, microbial, and hygienical quality of 40 raw cows&#8217; milk collected from dairy herds from four provinces: Huancayo (n = 13), Concepción (n = 11), Jauja (n = 9), and Chupaca (n = 7). Physicochemical properties were quantified by evaluating the fat content, density, non-fat-solids, protein, water add, freezing point, salts, total solids, lactose, and pH using the milk analyzer Lactoscan SP. Microbial quality was determined through viable mesophilic bacteria (VMB), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and yeast and mold (YMC). In addition, antibiotic presence was measured by SNAPduo*ST plus test kit and Reduction time by Methylene Blue Dye Reduction (MBRT). The results found in this work indicate that physicochemical features of raw cow milk were adequate compared to standard levels. In microbial quality, only Chupaca showed higher values (6.28 log cfu/mL) than recommended (5.3 log cfu/mL). Likewise, total bacterial/mL in Huancayo (H, 19.12 × 10 5 ) and Concepcion (C, 1.18 × 10 5 ) were relatively high concerning the acceptable level (1× 10 5 bacteria/mL of raw milk). Antibiotic p0resence was found in 37.5 % (n = 15) from the total of samples (n = 40). MBRT analysis reported 32.5 %, 45.0 %, and 22.5 %, as of excellent, good, and acceptable quality, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that physicochemical properties presented an appropriate level whereas microbial quality in the areas was good but is recommendable for enriched hygienic practices, personal hygiene in milk handling due to microbial presence, and educating the public on safety issues.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calidad de la leche]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[características fisicoquímicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calidad bacteriológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganadería lechera andina.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[milk quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physicochemical characteristics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bacteriological quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Andean dairy farming.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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