<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-6542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-6542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad UTE]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-65422026000200004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29019/enfoqueute.1206</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gene expression of lipopeptide biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis analyzed by RT-qPCR using the method 2-&#916;&#916; CT]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiluisa-Utreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Viviana Pamela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez Gualavisí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ginna Liseth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabezas Yerovi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés Patricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acurio Vásconez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramiro Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica Salesiana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica Salesiana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica Salesiana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica Salesiana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>26</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-65422026000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-65422026000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-65422026000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The genus Bacillus is a critical ally in combating phytopathogens such as Alternaria sp. and Botrytis sp., which cause losses to the agricultural sector in Ecuador. Bacillus subtilis generates important lipoproteins belonging to the fengicin and iturin families; therefore, this study analyzed the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of FEND and ITUDI lipoproteins. In addition, the antagonism of Bacillus subtilis against phytopathogenic microorganisms was analyzed through the PICR (percentage of radial growth). Using molecular techniques such as RT-qPCR, the expression levels of the aforementioned genes were quantified on three specific days: 1, 5 and 9 when Bacillus subtilis is in confrontation with phytopathogens. For this purpose, three treatments with the phytopathogens mentioned above were carried out. Total RNA was extracted, followed by retrotranscription, and finally, the cDNA was subjected to qPCR analysis to determine gene expression values. It was determined that the gene coding for phengicins is expressed seven times on the fifth day of treatment when Bacillus subtilis is in the presence of Alternaria sp. It was also determined that the ITUDI gene is expressed an average of 4.56 times more on the fifth day of treatment in the presence of Alternaria sp. Finally, the expression levels of FEND and ITUDI are expressed an average of 3.6 and 2.3 times, respectively, when it is in antagonism with Botrytis sp. Alternaria sp., Botrytis sp.; plant-induced chemoresistance; ribonucleic acid; complementary DNA; Fengicins; Iturins; Phytopathogens]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El género Bacillus es un aliado fundamental en la lucha contra fitopatógenos como Alternaria sp. y Botrytis sp., los cuales ocasionan pérdidas en el sector agrícola del Ecuador. Bacillus subtilis produce importantes lipoproteínas pertenecientes a las familias de las fengicinas e iturinas; por ello, en este estudio se analizó la expresión de los genes involucrados en la síntesis de las lipoproteínas FEND e ITUDI. Además, se evaluó el antagonismo de Bacillus subtilis frente a microorganismos fitopatógenos mediante el PICR (porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento radial). Utilizando técnicas moleculares como la RT-qPCR, se cuantificaron los niveles de expresión de los genes mencionados en tres días específicos: 1, 5 y 9, cuando Bacillus subtilis se encontraba en confrontación con los fitopatógenos. Para ello, se realizaron tres tratamientos con los fitopatógenos antes mencionados. Se extrajo el ARN total, seguido de la retrotranscripción y, finalmente, el ADNc fue sometido a análisis por qPCR para determinar los valores de expresión génica. Se determinó que el gen codificante de fengicinas se expresa siete veces más en el quinto día de tratamiento cuando Bacillus subtilis está en presencia de Alternaria sp. Asimismo, se estableció que el gen ITUDI se expresa en promedio 4,56 veces más en el quinto día de tratamiento en presencia de Alternaria sp. Finalmente, los niveles de expresión de FEND e ITUDI se incrementan en promedio 3,6 y 2,3 veces, respectivamente, cuando se encuentra en antagonismo con Botrytis sp.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Alternaria sp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Botrytis sp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant-induced chemoresistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ribonucleic acid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[complementary DNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fengicins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Iturins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Phytopathogens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Alternaria sp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Botrytis sp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[quimiorresistencia inducida en plantas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ácido ribonucleico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ADN complementario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fengicinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Iturinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fitopatógenos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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