<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-6542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-6542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad UTE]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-65422025000300001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29019/enfoqueute.1150</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Experimental Analysis of the Relationship between Flow Velocities and Sediment Transport in a Laboratory Channel Featuring a Lateral Bifurcation and Sand Bed]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darío]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamad-Mohamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Khaled]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar-Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Ingeniería de los Recursos Hídricos & Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Ingeniería de los Recursos Hídricos & Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito Ecuador]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Ingeniería de los Recursos Hídricos & Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito Ecuador]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-65422025000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-65422025000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-65422025000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This experimental study investigates the relationship between flow velocities and sediment transport in a laboratory flume featuring a 90 ° lateral bifurcation with a mobile sediment bed composed of medium sand (D&#8325;&#8320; = 1.06 mm). The experiment was conducted at the Center for Research and Studies in Water Resources Engineering of the National Polytechnic School (CIERHI-EPN) using a scaled, fixed-geometry open-channel model under subcritical flow conditions with a constant discharge of 40 l/s. The objective is to establish empirical, experimentally validated correlations between flow structures and sediment dynamics in bifurcated channels. Instantaneous flow velocities were recorded at over 180 points using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), and topographic measurements of the sediment bed were used to quantify scour and deposition. A total of 43.3 l of sand was scoured (with maximum depth of 15.01 cm), 8.0 l was redeposited (up to 8.49 cm thick), and 35.3 l was transported beyond the mobile bed. Results indicate that flow is predominantly one-dimensional in the upstream channel, while the bifurcation induces complex three-dimensional velocity components (Vx, Vy, Vz) associated with shear layers, vortex formation, and sediment redistribution. Compared to previous studies that focused on fixed beds or numerical simulations, this research provides high-resolution, experimental evidence of the link between secondary flow structures and sediment transport patterns under mobile-bed conditions. The findings contribute to improved predictive capabilities for morphodynamic behavior in natural bifurcations and support the development of more efficient sediment control and hydraulic design strategies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este estudio experimental investiga la relación entre las velocidades del flujo y el transporte de sedimentos en un canal de laboratorio con una bifurcación lateral de 90 °, equipado con un lecho móvil compuesto por arena media (D&#8325;&#8320; = 1.06 mm). El experimento se realizó en el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Ingeniería de los Recursos Hídricos de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (CIERHI-EPN), utilizando un modelo físico de canal abierto con geometría fija, operado en condiciones de flujo subcrítico y con un caudal constante de 40 l/s. El objetivo es establecer correlaciones empíricas validadas experimentalmente entre las estructuras del flujo y la dinámica del sedimento en canales bifurcados. Se registraron velocidades instantáneas del flujo en más de 180 puntos mediante un velocímetro acústico Doppler (ADV), y se realizaron mediciones topográficas del lecho para cuantificar la socavación y la sedimentación. En total, se socavaron 43.3 l de arena (con una profundidad máxima de 15.01 cm), se redepositaron 8.0 l (con espesores de hasta 8.49 cm), y se transportaron 35.3 l más allá del lecho móvil. Los resultados indican que el flujo es predominantemente unidimensional en el canal de aproximación, mientras que la bifurcación induce componentes tridimensionales del flujo (V&#8339;, V&#7527;, V&#120015;), asociados a capas de corte, formación de vórtices y redistribución de sedimentos. En comparación con estudios previos que se enfocan en lechos fijos o simulaciones numéricas, esta investigación aporta evidencia experimental de alta resolución sobre la relación entre estructuras de flujo secundario y patrones de transporte de sedimentos en condiciones de lecho móvil. Los hallazgos contribuyen a mejorar la capacidad predictiva del comportamiento morfodinámico en bifurcaciones naturales y respaldan el desarrollo de estrategias más eficientes para el control de sedimentos y el diseño hidráulico.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bifurcation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sediment transport]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[open-channel flow.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bifurcación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[velocímetro acústico Doppler (ADV)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[transporte de sedimentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flujo en canal abierto]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudio de bifurcaciones en ríos. Informe Final]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Hidráulica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[María]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I. José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Verdugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flow fields, bed shear stresses, and suspended bed sediment dynamics in bifurcations of a large river]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szupiany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An experimental study of discharge partitioning and flow structure at symmetrical bifurcations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Earth Surf Process Landf]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<issue>15</issue>
<page-range>2069-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flow structures in dividing open channels: A review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibrahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Ibrahim]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Typology of the flow structures in dividing open channel flows]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[. Momplot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipeme Kouyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mignot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivière]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertrand-Krajewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>63-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental evidence for bifurcation angles control on abandoned channel fill geometry]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szewczyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cojan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Earth Surface Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<edition>2</edition>
<page-range>275-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Downstream Control on the Stability of River Bifurcations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolla Pittaluga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porcile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tambroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Geophys Res Earth Surf]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A one-dimensional model of bifurcations in gravel bed channels with erodible banks]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Repetto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tubino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Predicting water and sediment partitioning in a delta 1 channel network under varying discharge conditions,]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flow and suspended sediment division at two highly asymmetric bifurcations in a river delta: implications for channel stability]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kästner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[F. Hoitink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Geophys Res Earth Surf]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>2358-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Channel bifurcation in braided rivers: Equilibrium configurations and stability]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolla Pittaluga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Repetto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tubino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Formation des deltas de sable et de boue dans les lacs et les réservoirs. 1ière Partie. Théorie et modélisation numérique]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kostic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Research]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>127-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dynamics of channel bifurcations in noncohesive sediments]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Federici]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guevara Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Socavación en puentes: evaluación, instrumentación y cálculo]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scour around bridge piers and abutments, HR-30 and Iowa Highway Research]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laursen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental assessment of velocity and bed shear stress in the main channel of a meandering compound channel with one-sided blocks in floodplain]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naghavi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohammadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahtabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Hydrol (Amst)]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>617</volume>
<page-range>129073</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental study on flow and sediment distribution at off-take channel]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Environmental Science and Development]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>35-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental and theoretical analysis of flow and sediment transport in 90-degree fluvial diversions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Standard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ISO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hydrometry-Measurement of liquid flow in open channels using current-meters or floats]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[FlowTracker2 User&#8217;s Manual (Version 1.6). Xylem Inc.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xylem brand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SonTek - a]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mclelland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A new method for evaluating errors in high-frequency ADV measurements]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[3D-CFD analysis of bedload transport in channel bifurcations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kosti&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theobald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydroinformatics]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>480-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sedimentation Engineering]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A two&#8208;fraction model for the transport of sand/gravel mixtures]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilcock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenworthy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sediment Transport, Part II: Suspended Load Transport]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Rijn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Engineering]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1613-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical shear stress of natural sediments]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilcock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Engineering]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>491-505</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Near-bed and surface flow division patterns in experimental river bifurcations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleinhans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resour Res]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1506-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamad Mohamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Submerged vanes turbulence: experimental analysis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flow control with vorticity]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odgaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Jacob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Research]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>549-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On some aspects of flow characteristics of the bifurcated channel - An experimental approach]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[. Nandi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>147-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water flow and sediment transport in a 90° channel diversion: An experimental study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydraulic Research]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>253-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nezu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakagawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Turbulence in Open-Channel Flows]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flow dynamics at river channel confluences: implications for sediment transport and bed morphology]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Best]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<page-range>27-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
