<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-4299</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-4299</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales- FLACSO-Sede Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-42992020000200008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/urvio.27.2020.4305</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La libertad de navegación en entredicho:los nuevos desafíos globales y el caso de América del Sur]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Freedom of Navigation in Question:EmergingGlobal Challenges and the South American case]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A liberdade de navegação em questão:os novos desafios globais e o caso da América do Sul]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvana Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Investigación y Estudios Estratégicos de la Armada Argentina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>27</numero>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Estados Unidos creó en 1979 el Programa de Libertad de Navegación, un mecanismo diplomático y militar para objetar lo que considera reclamos de jurisdicciones marítimas excesivas de los Estados ribereños, con el propósito de asegurar una interpretación del Derecho del Mar que garantice la movilidad de su flota. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la evolución reciente del Programa y las dinámicas de su aplicación en América del Sur. Para ello, se estudiarán documentos de los Departamentos de Estado y Defensa de EEUU, escasamente explorados en la región, que definen la perspectiva de ese país sobre la libertad de navegación, los supuestos &#8220;reclamos excesivos&#8221; de los países ribereños, y la evolución de las operaciones militares vinculadas al Programa, en particular en América del Sur. Se concluye que desde 2009 EEUU ha tendido a una aplicación menos neutral del Programa en América del Sur como respuesta a la consolidación del regionalismo sudamericano, un fenómeno que también podemos ver hoy en otros escenarios como el del Mar del Sur de China.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The United States established in 1979 the Freedom of Navigation Program, a diplomatic and military mechanism that challenges excessive maritime claims from coastal states, in order to reassure an interpretation of the Law of the Sea that would guarantee the mobility of its fleet. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recent evolution of the Program and its application in South America. Documents from the US Departments of State and Defense, barely studied in the region, that define the US perspective of freedom of navigation are analyzed, as well as the supposed &#8220;excessive claims&#8221; of the coastal countries and the evolution of the military operations associated with the Program, particularly in South America. The study concludes that since 2009 the US has shifted towards a less neutral application of the Program in South America as a response to the consolidation of southamerican regionalism, a phenomenon that we can see today in other scenarios such as the South China Sea.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Os Estados Unidos estabeleceram em 1979 o Programa de Liberdade de Navegação, um mecanismo diplomático e militar que desafia reivindicações marítimas excessivas dos Estados costeiros, a fim de garantir uma interpretação do Direito do Mar que garante a mobilidade da frota. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a recente evolução do Programa e sua aplicação na América do Sul. Analisaremos documentos dos Departamentos de Estado e Defesa dos EUA, pouco estudados na região, que definem a perspectiva norte-americana de liberdade de navegação, as supostas "reivindicações excessivas" dos países costeiros e a evolução das operações militares associadas ao Programa, especialmente na América do Sul. O estudo conclui que, desde 2009, os EUA mudaram para uma aplicação menos neutra do Programa na América do Sul, como resposta à consolidação do regionalismo sul-americano. Este é um fenômeno que podemos ver hoje em outros cenários, como o Mar da China Meridional.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aguas territoriales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América del Sur]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[defensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Derecho del Mar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tensiones internacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[defense]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international tensions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Law of the Sea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[South America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[territorial waters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[águas territoriais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América do Sul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[defesa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Direito do Mar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[tensões internacionais]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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