<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-1249</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-1249</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-12492020000300171</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/iconos.68.2020.4127</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ciudades contrapeso al centralismo unitarista en Sudamérica: Santa Cruz, Guayaquil y Concepción]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Counterweight cities in South America as an answer to unitarian centralism: Santa Cruz, Guayaquil and Concepcion]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela-Van Treek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,de Concepción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>68</numero>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El artículopropone la categoría de ciudades contrapeso como aquellas que logran tanto dinamizar su desarrollo de manera endógena y a su vez impulsar un proceso de descentralización y devolución de poder en contextos de Estados tradicionalmente centralistas y con alta hegemonía de sus capitales.El contrapeso supone una visión federalista o autonomista que logra cambios desde la propia articulación regionalconbase en una fuerza política territorial de impacto nacional quemoviliza dichas ciudades en pacto con sus regiones cercanas. Desde el punto de vista de resultados materiales, implica la capacidad de crecimiento económico y demográfico para ser polo alternativo a la capital, infraestructura de ciudad global con lazos internacionales y capital humano avanzado como polo cultural y universitario. Se concluye el éxito de Guayaquil en Ecuador y Santa Cruz de la Sierra en Bolivia con alianzas público-privadas, fuerza política influyente y alianzas interregionales para movilizarse y lograr procesos de mayor autonomía regional,a diferencia de Concepción en Chile,quemuestra mayor dinamismo en lo universitario y en locultural.Dichas ciudades complejizan el sistema de ciudades permitiendo contener la macrocefalia del centralismo latinoamericano. Entrevistas en profundidad en los países permitieron comprender el contexto de lucha de estas ciudades contra el centralismo, sus hitos y desafíos en las diversas dimensiones del contrapeso.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article introduces the concept of &#8220;counterweight cities&#8221; to describe towns that are able to generate an endogenous development process and promote decentralization in traditionally centralist states. This role is accompanied by the prevalence of federalist or autonomist thinking, supported in a local political organization able to inspire changes in the relationships between the different regions within the country. The political group that leads the process is also able to recruit backing in nearby areas. These initiatives have succeeded in consolidating their cities as alternate development poles, displaying dynamic economic and demographic growth, achieving expansion of a modern infrastructure, advanced human resources and cutting- edge cultural and academic assets. Guayaquil in Ecuador and Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia have benefited from strong ties between the public and the private sector, the presence of a robust locally-based political party and solid inter-regional alliances. These strengths have helped both cities achieve a higher degree of regional autonomy than Concepcion in Chile. The later, has-instead- concentrated in developing as an academic and cultural hub. The cities studied here, enhanced the complexity of the human settlement system in their countries, mitigating the macro cephalic tendencies inherent in the Latin American centralist urban structure. In-depth interviews performed in the three countries allow for a better understanding of the context in which the struggle against centralism took place and was able to overcome the challenges it encountered, in the process of generating substantial counterweights against metropolitan macro cephalism.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Latina;ciudades contrapeso;Concepción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[descentralización;Guayaquil;Santa Cruz de la Sierra.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[LatinAmerica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[counterweightcities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Concepción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[decentralization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guayaquil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Santa Cruz de la Sierra.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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