<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-1249</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-1249</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-12492020000300095</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/iconos.68.2020.4310</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La Amazonía en el pensamiento militar brasileño:concepciones y acciones estratégicas del Ejército y la Armada en la década de 1990]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Amazonia in Brazilian military thought: Army and Navy conceptual frameworks and strategic actions in the 90s]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pivatto-Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dilceu Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavedon-Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>68</numero>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>113</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000300095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  La defensa de la Amazonía es uno de los temas prioritarios para las Fuerzas Armadas brasileñas. Desde las décadas de 1980 y 1990, las presiones externas e internas sobre la política del país para la región han provocado nuevas iniciativas gubernamentales como el Proyecto Calha Norte de 1985 y el Sistema de Vigilancia de la Amazonía (SIVAM) de 1990. Debido a las restricciones presupuestarias, fue necesaria una reorientación de las tropas y unidades militares hacia el norte y noroeste de Brasil, además de la elaboración de nuevas estrategias y doctrinas, un proceso poco estudiado en la literatura académica. Así, este artículo analiza los principales enfoques estratégicos del Ejército y la Armada brasileños hacia la Amazonía durante la década de1990. Desde la perspectiva teórica del institucionalismo discursivo, se utilizaron como fuentes documentos oficiales, revistas militares especializadas y entrevistas a oficiales que ocuparon cargos importantes durante el período examinado, entre ellos ex ministros y ex comandantes de las Fuerzas. Los resultados del estudio muestran una confluencia de pensamiento y planificación de las Fuerzas terrestres y navales para aumentar la presencia militar en la región. El fin de la guerra fría y la aparición de nuevos temas en la agenda de seguridad regional, como el narcotráfico y el medio ambiente, llevaron a los militares brasileños a repensar su estrategia de Defensa, conformando nuevas hipótesis de conflicto regional con la posible participación de potencias fuera del continente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Defending Amazonia is one of the main priorities of the Brazilian Armed Forces. Since the 1980&#8217;s and 1990&#8217;s national policies for this region have been subject to increasing pressures, both domestic and external. These have prompted new government strategic initiatives such as the Calha Norte Project (1985) and the SIVAM (1990). Due to budgetary restrictions, a redeployment of troops and military units towards the north and northwest of Brazil was necessary, in addition to the development of new strategies and doctrines. This reorganization has not been sufficiently studied in the available academic literature. This article attempts to address this neglect and analyses the main strategic approaches adopted by the Brazilian Army and Navy towards Amazonia during the 1990s. The research has applied a discursive institutionalist perspective, using official documents and specialized military magazines as its main sources, in addition to interviews with officers who held important positions in the period under review, including former ministers and force commanders. The article concludes that, throughout the investigated period, the thinking of the army and of the navy tended to converge into the need to increase overall military presence in the region. The end of the Cold War and the rise of new issues in the regional security agenda such as drug trafficking and the environment, led the Brazilian military to rethink its defense strategy, developing new hypotheses of regional conflict which included the potential participation of extra-continental powers.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Amazonía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Armada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ejército]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estrategia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fuerzas Armadas.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amazonia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[army]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brazil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[navy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[strategy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[armed forces.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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