<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-1249</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-1249</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-12492020000100151</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/iconos.66.2020.3469</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La indiferencia hacia la democracia en América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The indifference towards democracy in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monsivais-Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Norte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000100151&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000100151&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-12492020000100151&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen A pesar del creciente descontento con la política, manifiesto en las democracias emergentes y consolidadas por igual, el apoyo ciudadano hacia la democracia parecía estable en la mayoría de los países. Recientemente, sin embargo, algunos estudios han encontrado indicios de un aumento en el desapego hacia los valores e instituciones democráticos. El presente estudio argumenta que una manifestación específica del distanciamiento hacia la democracia es la indiferencia política: la opinión de que da lo mismo vivir en un régimen democrático que en uno autoritario. Este planteamiento se basa en un análisis de cuatro encuestas realizadas en 18 países de América Latina entre 2013 y 2017. La evidencia muestra que, si bien la preferencia por la democracia es mayoritaria en la región, se trata de una mayoría poco robusta. Un segmento considerable de la población, no obstante, se declara indiferente antes que inclinarse por el autoritarismo. El análisis indica que la indiferencia política está asociada con un mayor descontento con el desempeño del sistema político. Asimismo, es más probable que las personas que se declaran indiferentes confíen menos en los demás, que sean mujeres o jóvenes, que tengan un bajo nivel educativo o que tengan un menor bienestar en el hogar. Estos resultados sugieren que, para un número considerable de ciudadanos, la democracia es un referente abstracto que difícilmente alcanza motivar apego político.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Despite the increasing political discontent, manifested in the emergent democracies and consolidated as well, citizens&#8217; support for democracy seemed stable in most countries. Recently, however, some studies have uncovered signs of an increasing disconnection with democracy&#8217;s values and institutions. This study argues that a specific expression of citizens&#8217; estrangement from democracy is political indifference: the opinion that living in a democratic or an authoritarian regime makes no difference. This statement is supported by the analysis of four surveys conducted in 18 Latin American countries from 2013 to 2017. The evidence indicates that even though there is a preference for democracy in the region, this preference is not very high. A considerable segment of the population declares being indifferent, rather than choosing the authoritarian option. The analysis shows that the attitude of political indifference is associated with a heightened discontent about the performance of the political system. It is also more likely that people who declare they are politically indifferent distrust others more and are more likely to be women, teenagers, less educated, or live in a low-income household. The evidence suggests that for a significant number of citizens democracy is an abstract notion that does not create political attachment.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[apoyo a la democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desapego político]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indiferencia política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[legitimidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[opinión pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[support for democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political detachment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political indifference]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[legitimacy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public opinion]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The myth of deconsolidation: Rising liberalism and the populist reaction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Hamburgo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Support for democracy in cross-national perspective: The detrimental effect of economic inequality]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Social Stratification and Mobility]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>389-402</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beetham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The legitimation of power]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave-McMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seligson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The legitimacy puzzle in Latin America: Political support and democracy in eight nations]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge y Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Support for democracy in Africa: Intrinsec of instrumental?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>31</numero>
<issue>31</issue>
<page-range>447-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crime victimization and public support for democracy: Evidence from Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ceobanu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ludmila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Public Opinion Research]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>56-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Polyarchy: Participation and opposition]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratic discontent in old and new democracies: Assesing the importance of democratic input and governmental ouput]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahlberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sören]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>S1</volume>
<numero>63</numero>
<issue>63</issue>
<page-range>18-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The social transformation of trust in government]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Sociology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<issue>15</issue>
<page-range>133-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced democracies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Doh Chull]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reassesing the civic culture model]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Facing up to the democratic recession]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diamond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<page-range>141-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diamond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Developing democracy: Toward consolitadion]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A re-assessment of the concept of political support]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Easton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>435-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The signs of deconsolidation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mounk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yascha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>5-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The danger of deconsolidation: The democratic disconnect]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mounk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yascha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>5-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The meaning and measure of State legitimacy: Results for 72 countries]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruce]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>45</numero>
<issue>45</issue>
<page-range>499-525</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: A multilevel analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Min-hua]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yu-tzung]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yun-han]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>45-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inglehart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronald]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>LAPOP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Barómetro de las Américas: proyecto de opinión pública de América Latina]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nashville ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Vanderbilt]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Latinobarómetro</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe 2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corporación Latinobarómetro / Banco de Datos en Línea]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Latinobarómetro</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe 2017]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corporación Latinobarómetro. Banco de Datos en Línea]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eun Sul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ronald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. Forthofer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analyzing complex survey data]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The myth of democratic recession]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Way]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<page-range>45-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziblatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How democracies die]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crown]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Responsiveness, support, and responsibility: How democratic responsiveness facilitates responsible government]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yvette]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfred]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Problems of democratic transition and consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Learinig about democacy in Africa: Awarness, performance and experience]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<numero>51</numero>
<issue>51</issue>
<page-range>192-217</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How much democratic backsliding?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mechkova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeriya]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lührmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Staffan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Lindberg]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>162-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enlightening people: The spark of emancipative values]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is democracy? A reconceptualization of the quality of democracy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is western democracy backsliding? Diagnosing the risks]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Forthcoming, The Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does democratic satisfaction reflect regime performance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Denters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kees]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How democracy works: Political representation and policy congruence in modern societies]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pallas Publications / Amsterdam University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction: The growth of critical citizens]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical citizens: Global support for democratic governance]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Procedural equality, the bulwark of political liberty]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saffon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urbinati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nadia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Theory]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<page-range>441-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Shugart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidents, parties, and prime ministers: How the separation of powers affects party organization and behavior]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demócratas iliberales. Configuraciones contradictorias de apoyo a la democracia en México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarsfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Espiral. Estudios de Estado y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<issue>15</issue>
<page-range>123-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torcal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[José]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. Montero]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political disaffection in contemporary democracies: Social capital, institutions, and politic]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are people really turning away from democracy?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voeten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía y sociedad]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From allegiant to assertive citizens]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social trust and attitudes toward democracy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zmerli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonja]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ken]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Opinion Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>72</numero>
<issue>72</issue>
<page-range>706-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
