<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-1249</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Íconos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-1249</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-12492019000200183</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/iconos.64.2019.3435</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[&#8220;Disparen contra las olas&#8221;: securitización y militarización de desastres naturales y ayuda humanitaria en América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[&#8220;Shoot Against the Waves&#8221;: Securitization and Militarization of Natural Disasters and Humanitarian Help in Latin America]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[&#8220;Disparem contra as ondas&#8221;: securitização y militarização de desastres naturais e ajuda humanitária na América Latina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frenkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de San Martín Escuela de Política y Gobierno ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>64</numero>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>202</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-12492019000200183&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-12492019000200183&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-12492019000200183&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La atención a desastres naturales ha cobrado un protagonismo inusitado en la agenda de seguridad latinoamericana. En gran parte, esto se debe a la reconfiguración de la amenaza producida tras el fin de la Guerra Fría y a los cuestionamientos que ha recibido la política de seguridad de Estados Unidos en la región. Frente a este panorama, Washington ha buscado instalar nuevas temáticas de cooperación que permitan mantener su presencia en la región. Con base en ello, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso de securitización de los desastres naturales como asunto de cooperación regional, comparando las iniciativas surgidas a escala hemisférica y sudamericana. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, se proponen dos modelos de abordaje de los desastres -denominados fisicalista y constructivista- partiendo de la premisa que el primero de estos modelos ha ganado preeminencia en la región, generando un escenario propicio para la militarización de este tipo de problemáticas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The attention placed on natural disaster has obtained an unusual relevance in the security agenda of Latin America. In great part, this is due to the reconfiguration of threats produced after the Cold War and the questioning of the security policies of the United States in the region. In this context, Washington has sought to install new themes of cooperation that will allow it to maintain its presence in the region. The aim of this article is to analyze the securitization of natural disasters as an issue of regional cooperation, comparing the initiatives undertaken at the hemispherical and regional level. To take on said study, this article proposes two models of approaches to disasters - called physicalist and constructivist- based on the premise that the first of these models has obtained prominence in the region, generating a conducive scenery for the militarization of these issues.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A atenção aos desastres naturais recebeu um protagonismo inédito na agenda de segurança na América Latina. Em grande parte, isso é resultado da reconfiguração das ameaças produzidas após fim da Guerra Fria e pelas críticas à política de segurança dos Estados Unidos na região. Neste panorama, Washington tem procurado instalar novos temas de cooperação que lhe permitem manter sua pre sença na região. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de securitização dos desastres naturais como assunto da cooperação regional, comparando as iniciativas que surgiram a escala hemisférica e sul-americana. Para realizar este estudo, consideramos dois modelos de aborda gem dos desastres - chamados fisicalista e constructivista-, partindo do princípio de que o primeiro destes modelos vem ganhando preeminência na região, propiciando assim um quadro favorável para a militarização deste tipo de questões.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desastres naturales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[securitización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad regional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fuerzas Armadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nuevas amenazas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Natural Disasters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Securitization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Armed Forces]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[New Threats]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desastres naturais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[securitização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[segurança regional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Forças Armadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[novas ameaças]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balzacq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thierry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of International Relations]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>171-201</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks, CA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia, reconfiguración de amenazas y la paz sudamericana]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battaglino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Will the &#8216;Global War on Terrorism&#8217; Be the New Cold War?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Affairs]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1101-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Macrosecuritisation and Security Constellations: Reconsidering Scale in Securitisation Theory]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Review of International Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>253-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security 91]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Wilde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaap]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Security: A New Framework for Analysis]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, Colorado ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelstrup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morten]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemaitre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tromer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elzbieta]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The European Security Order Recast: Scenarios for the Post-Cold War Era]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pinter Pub Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabañas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ruiz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El nuevo consenso en materia de seguridad hemisférica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tulchin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benítez Manaut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diamint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rut]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El rompecabezas. Conformando la seguridad hemisférica en el siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prometeo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<collab>CMDA (Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Américas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración de Punta del Este]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XConferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Américas]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Punta del Este, Uruguay </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<collab>CMDA (Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Américas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración de Santa Cruz de la Sierra]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IXConferencia de Mi nistros de Defensa de las Américas]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Consejo de Defensa Suramericano</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Plan de acción 2010-2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015 y 2016]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNASUR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hemispheric Security Relations. Remodeling the US Framework for the Americas]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DTIC Document]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Corporación Latinobarómetro</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe 2017]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Security Challenges in Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diamint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rut]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Latin American Research]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>43-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>DW</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Santos: Guerra contra drogas requiere otro enfoque]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eissa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gastaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sol]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Una reflexión en torno al concepto de militarización]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela de Defensa Nacional (EDENA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>El País</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Bachelet decreta el estado de excepción en las regiones más castigadas por el seísmo]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>El Tiempo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Laura Chinchilla cuestiona resultado de lucha contra narcotráfico]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las Fuerzas Armadas y su respuesta a las emergencias]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Mainardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[DEF Online]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fuimos hermanos. Acuerdos y divergencias de los países de la UNASUR frente a la seguridad hemisférica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frenkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cartografías del Sur]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>92-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La IV Flota no tendrá capacidad ofensiva]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Excluded Perspectives in the Social Construction of Disaster]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hewitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>317-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La fragmentada agenda de (in)seguridad regional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Seguridad y Democracia. Seguridad Regional]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>17</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Friedrich Ebert / Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The European Union and the Securitization of Migration]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huysmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jef]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>751-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>JID (Junta Interamericana de Defensa)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Plan para mejorar la orientación y asesoría de la JID al Sistema Interamericano en casos de desastres]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gestión ambiental y gestión del riesgo de desastre en el contexto del cambio climático: una aproximación al desarrollo de un concepto y definición integral para dirigir la intervención a través de un plan nacional de desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Subdirección de Desarrollo Ambiental Sostenible, Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La gestión local del riesgo: nociones y precisiones en torno al concepto y la práctica]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala y Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPREDENAC / PNUD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Katrina, Stan y Wilma: tres desastres en busca de un paradigma]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mansilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>201</volume>
<page-range>11-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEnaney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton Universtiy Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montenegro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nuevas amenazas. Aproximación desde una perspectiva internacional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nuevas amenazas. Dimensiones y perspectivas. Dilemas y desafíos para Argentina y Brasil]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Quilmes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OEA (Organización de Estados Americanos)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Plan interamericano para la prevención, la atención de los desastres y la coordinación de la asistencia humanitaria]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OEA (Organización de Estados Americanos)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución de la Asamblea Gene ral AG/RES 2492 (XXXIX-O/09)]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OEA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Resolución de la Asamblea General AG/RES 2732 (XXXVIII-O/08)]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OEA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Declaración sobre Seguridad en las Américas. Conferencia Especial sobre Seguridad. Ciudad de México, México, 27 y 28 de ocubre]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Marco de acción de Hyogo para 2005-2015: aumento de la resiliencia de las naciones y las comunidades ante los de sastres]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kobe ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ONU]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Marco de acción para la implementación de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres (EIRD)]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<collab>ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Directrices para la prevención de los desastres naturales, la preparación para casos de desastre y la mitigación de sus efectos]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Conferencia mundial sobre la reducción de los desastres naturales]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Yokohama, Japón </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Segurança hemisférica: uma discussão sobre a validade e atualidade de seus mecanismos institucionais]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pagliai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Graciela De Conti]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>26-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>RESDAL (Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Atlas comparativo de la Defensa en América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saint-Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las nuevas amenazas como subjetividad perceptiva]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Graduados del CHDS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a Theory of Securitization: Copenhagen and Beyond]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stritzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Holger]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of International Relations]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>357-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The National Security Strategy of the United States of America]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La configuración de un problema: el militarismo estadounidense en América del Sur]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tokatlian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le Monde Diplomatique, edición Cono Sur]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<page-range>18-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>US Department of Defense</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Western Hemisphere Policy Statement]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>US SOUTHCOM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[2017-2027 Theater Strategy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>US SOUTHCOM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[United States Southern Command Strategy 2018. Partnership for the Americas]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securitización: agendas de investigación abiertas para el estudio de la seguridad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdes-Montenegro Escanez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relaciones Internacionales]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>111-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Paz y seguridad: dos conceptos en evolución y su relación cambiante]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oswald Spring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Úrsula]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Günter Brauch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reconceptualizar la seguridad en el siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>71-100</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cuernavaca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM / Senado de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Securitization and Desecuritization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipschutz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronnie D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[On Security]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Security, the Speech Act: Analyzing the Politics of a Word]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Working Paper]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Copenhague ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Peace and Conflict Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wæver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ole]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelstrup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morten]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemaitre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Identity Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[St. Martins Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Studies Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>511-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
