<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-0129</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Politécnica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Politéc. (Quito)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-0129</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Politécnica Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-01292021000300019</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33333/rp.vol48n1.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Secondary Lahars Triggered by Periglacial Melting at Chimborazo Volcano, Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Lahares Secundarios Desencadenados por Fusión Periglacial en el Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasconez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maisincho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cáceres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bolívar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argoti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Telenchana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefanie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional Instituto Geofísico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tena ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-01292021000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-01292021000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-01292021000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Periglacial melting processes can provide the water source for secondary lahars triggered by volcanic and/or meteorological phenomena on volcanoes. Between December 2015 and April 2016, four major lahars were reported southeast of Chimborazo volcano (Ecuador). Fieldwork allowed determining the area (1.67(0.37 km2), volume (3E+05 to 7E+05 m3), peak discharge (100 - 150 m3/s) and mean speed (2 - 4 m/s) of these flows, which affected the local infrastructure and threatened several towns downstream (&gt;1000 inhabitants). This case study suggests that anomalous periglacial melting could have been induced by: i) an increase in temperatures at periglacial altitudes partly ascribed to El Niño phenomenon, ii) albedo reduction of the glacier due to ash fallout from Tungurahua volcano (40 km east of Chimborazo) which erupted from 1999 to 2016 and, iii) a slight increase in internal activity at Chimborazo prior and during the lahars occurrence, as evidenced by more seismic events and thermal anomalies. These simultaneous factors could have led to the formation, outburst and/or overflow of superficial and intra-glacier ponds providing the water source to generate lahars on a dormant volcano.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Procesos de fusión periglacial pueden ser la fuente de agua necesaria para desencadenar lahares secundarios en volcanes ya sea por fenómenos meteorológicos y/o erupciones volcánicas. Entre diciembre 2015 y abril 2016, cuatro lahares ocurrieron al sureste del volcán Chimborazo (Ecuador). El trabajo de campo permitió determinar el área (1,67(0.37 km2), volumen (3E+05 to 7E+05 m3), caudal máximo (100 - 150 m3/s) y velocidad media (2 - 4 m/s) de estos flujos, que afectaron la infraestructura local y amenazaron a varias comunidades aguas abajo (&gt;1000 personas). Este caso de estudio sugiere que el derretimiento anómalo de los periglaciares del Chimborazo pudo haber sido inducido por: i) un incremento en la temperatura superficial a alturas glaciares que fue parcialmente vinculado al fenómeno de El Niño, ii) una reducción del albedo del glaciar debido a la caída de ceniza del volcán Tungurahua (40 km al Este del Chimborazo) que estuvo en erupción desde 1999 hasta 2016 y, iii) un ligero incremento en la actividad interna del Chimborazo antes y durante la ocurrencia de los lahares, evidenciado por un aumento en el número de eventos sísmicos y la aparición de anomalías termales. Estos factores de forma simultánea pudieron facilitar la formación, estallido y/o derrame de lagunas superficiales e intra-glaciales proveyendo la fuente de agua necesaria para generar lahares secundarios en un volcán sin procesos eruptivos en curso.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lahar (debris flow)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[periglacial melting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[glacial outburst]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[El Niño phenomenon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chimborazo volcano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lahares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fusión periglaciar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estallido glaciar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenómeno de El Niño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[volcán Chimborazo]]></kwd>
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</article-meta>
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