<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2631-2581</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Ecuat Neurol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2631-2581</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Médica Ecuatoriana de Neurología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2631-25812021000100091</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46997/revecuatneurol30100091</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethnic variations are still underrepresented in neuropharmacogenomics: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las variaciones étnicas todavía están infrarrepresentadas en la neuro Farmacogenómica: una revisión sistemática]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguinaga-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michelena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephanie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pibaque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Central del Ecuador Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Unidad de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The University of Queensland School of Biomedical Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[St Lucia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Australia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>91</fpage>
<lpage>103</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2631-25812021000100091&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2631-25812021000100091&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2631-25812021000100091&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Context:  There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that specific medication responses can be linked to everyone&#8217;s genetic makeup. The advent of fast genomics and more accurate genetics has only fueled the research in understanding that link. This situation has opened exciting research fields, namely, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Studies regarding treatment response to mental health conditions using new tools have caught much attention, especially for conditions such as bipolar disorder (BP), schizophrenia (SP), mania, and hypomania, in which the treatment response can vary significantly among patients. One-way to associate a patient's genetics and his/her treatment response is by recalling the patient's ethnicity. Exciting results have been found for different ethnic groups where Asian and Caucasian populations are the most studied. However, there is a profound lack of studies on African and Latin-American populations. This paper aims to show some pharmacogenetics/genomics studies of mental health disease and contrast the significant difference between population studies in this regard.  Methods:  We follow the PRISMA methodology, a systematic search was performed on PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, taking into consideration any type of studies published up to November 30, th 2019. The search contained the following terms: pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, ethnicity, and ethnic groups combined with their respective treatment (antidepressants, lithium, anticonvulsant, and various types of antipsychotics) and the condition (bipolar disorder (BP), schizophrenia (SP), mania, hypomania, and major depressive disorders (MDD). In each database, an input contained terms as pharmacogenetics OR pharmacogenomics AND ethnicity OR "ethnic groups" AND "bipolar disorders" AND "lithium."  Results:  We found only 29 studies on studies on pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics and ethnicity/ethnic groups, 14 related to schizophrenia, 7 related to mania and major depressive disorder and, 8 with bipolar disorders. These research fields have continuously explored the link between an individual's genetics and the treatment side effects. Even though nearly twenty genes were associated with treatment response, small changes such as a single nucleotide polymorphism can also influence the treatment response. Clozapine was the most used drug to explore its pharmacogenetics/genomics. More than half of the studies found were done on Europeans and more than three-quarters on Asians.  Conclusion:  We found only five studies on pharmacogenetics of mania and major depressive disorder linked to ethnicity that involve the genes SLC6A4, ABCB1, NTRK2, SLC6A2, BDNF, PDE11A, and PDE9A, genes related to the use of fluoxetine and desipramine. Some studies suggest that the precision of using SNPs as pharmacogenomics markers of treatment outcome, if appropriately used, could represent a significant advance in personalized medicine as two SNPs found in the same gene can yield different treatment outcomes. One expected result was that the vast amount of information found mainly reflected studies performed in Europe and Asia. However, we observed that the studies in Latino or Hispanic ethnic groups are very few, which constitutes a strong bias when choosing the appropriate drug in treating neuropsychiatric diseases, especially to understand any ethnic drug responses and take advantage of this growing and exciting field.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Contexto:  Existe una cantidad creciente de evidencia que sugiere que la respuesta a ciertos medicamentos puede estar relacionada con la estructura genética de cada individuo. El advenimiento de la genómica rápida y la genética más precisa solo han impulsado la investigación para comprender ese vínculo. Esto ha abierto apasionantes campos de investigación, a saber, la farmacogenética y la farmacogenómica. Los estudios sobre la respuesta al tratamiento a las afecciones de salud mental que utilizan nuevas herramientas han llamado mucho la atención, especialmente para afecciones como el trastorno bipolar (PA), la esquizofrenia (SP), la manía y la hipomanía, en las que la respuesta al tratamiento puede variar significativamente entre los pacientes. Una forma de asociar la genética del paciente y su respuesta al tratamiento es recordando la etnia del paciente. Se han encontrado resultados interesantes para diferentes grupos étnicos donde las poblaciones asiáticas y caucásicas son las más estudiadas. Sin embargo, hay una profunda falta de estudios sobre poblaciones africanas y latinoamericanas. El propósito de este artículo es mostrar algunos estudios de farmacogenética / genómica de enfermedades de salud mental y contrastar la gran diferencia entre los estudios poblacionales al respecto.  Métodos:  Siguiendo una metodología PRISMA, se realizó una búsqueda no sistemática en PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus y Google Scholar tomando en consideración cualquier tipo de estudios publicados en ellos en cualquier momento hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2019. La búsqueda contenía los siguientes términos: farmacogenética, farmacogenómica, etnia y grupos étnicos combinados con su tratamiento respectivo (antidepresivos, litio, anticonvulsivantes y varios tipos de antipsicóticos) y la condición (trastorno bipolar (BP), esquizofrenia (SP), manía, hipomanía y trastornos depresivos mayores (MDD) En cada base de datos, una entrada contenía términos como: farmacogenética O farmacogenómica Y etnia O &#8220;grupos étnicos&#8221; Y &#8220;trastornos bipolares&#8221; Y &#8220;litio&#8221;.  Resultados: Solo encontramos 29 estudios sobre estudios de farmacogenética/ farmacogenómica y etnicidad/grupos étnicos, 14 relacionados con la esquizofrenia, 7 relacionados con la manía y el trastorno depresivo mayor y 8 con los trastornos bipolares. La farmacogenética y la farmacogenómica se han utilizado ampliamente para estudiar el vínculo entre la genética de un individuo y los efectos secundarios del tratamiento. Aunque casi veinte genes se asociaron con la respuesta al tratamiento, pequeños cambios, como un polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido, también pueden influir en la respuesta al tratamiento. La clozapina fue el fármaco más utilizado para explorar su farmacogenética/genómica. Más de la mitad de los estudios encontrados se realizaron en europeos y más de las tres cuartas partes en asiáticos.  Conclusión:  Encontramos solo cinco estudios sobre farmacogenética de la manía, así como del trastorno depresivo mayor y la etnia que involucra los genes SLC6A4, ABCB1, NTRK2, SLC6A2, BDNF, PDE11A y PDE9A, genes relacionados con el uso de fluoxetina y desipramina. Algunos estudios sugirieron que la precisión del uso de SNP como marcadores farmacogenómicos del resultado del tratamiento, si se usa adecuadamente, podría representar un avance significativo en la medicina personalizada, ya que dos SNP que se encuentran en el mismo gen pueden producir resultados de tratamiento diferentes. Un resultado esperado fue que la gran cantidad de información encontrada reflejaba principalmente estudios realizados en Europa y Asia. Sin embargo, se puede observar que los estudios en etnias latinas o hispanas son muy escasos, lo que constituye un sesgo importante a la hora de elegir el fármaco adecuado en el tratamiento de las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas, especialmente para entender las respuestas farmacológicas étnicas y aprovechar esta creciente y emocionante campo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pharmacogenomics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-systematic review]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neurology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethnic variations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[psychiatric disorders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antipsychotic drugs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bipolar disorder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[schizophrenia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[farmacogenómica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[revisión no sistemática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neurología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variaciones étnicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desórdenes psiquiátricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fármacos antipsicóticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trastorno bipolar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esquizofrenia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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