<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2477-9245</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estado & comunes, revista de políticas y problemas públicos ]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[E&c]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2477-9245</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2477-92452024000100101</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37228/estado_comunes.v1.n18.2024.313</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ampliando el enfoque de la soberanía: Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador frente al crimen organizado transnacional]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Expanding the approach of sovereignty: Ecuadorian Armed Forces facing transnational organized crime]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade-Vásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Candidato a doctor en Estudios Internacionales por la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<fpage>101</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2477-92452024000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2477-92452024000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2477-92452024000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Según este artículo, el trabajo complementario de las Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador ha sido ineficaz para confrontar el crimen organizado transnacional (COT). Se argumenta que esta inefectividad responde al enfoque westfaliano de la soberanía, el cual considera que el objetivo de los cuerpos militares es la defensa de las diferentes dimensiones territoriales de un Estado frente a amenazas convencionales. Este enfoque, aún vigente en la política de defensa ecuatoriana, no está en sintonía con nuevas amenazas como el COT y delitos conexos. A partir de un recorrido histórico-conceptual y una revisión de la política de defensa nacional (2002 y 2018), se concluye que la solución no radica en sólo una ampliación jurídica y constitucional de las atribuciones de las Fuerzas Armadas en la esfera del orden público y la seguridad interna, sino en cuestionar y ampliar el enfoque de soberanía, más allá de sus nociones clásicas frente a amenazas centrales para el Estad, como el COT.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Ecuadorean Armed Forces have been arguably ineffective in confronting transnational organised crime (TOC). The study argues that this ineffectiveness is due to the adoption of the Westphalian approach, which considers that the objective of the military is the defense of the different territorial dimensions of a State against conventional threats. This approach, still in force in Ecuador's defence policy, is not in tune with new threats such as TOC and related crimes. Based on a historical-conceptual overview and a review of the national defence policy (2002 and 2018), the research concludes that the solution consists not only in a legal and constitutional expansion of the powers of the Armed Forces in the field of public order and internal security, but also in questioning and expanding the approach to sovereignty beyond its classic notions in the face of central threats to the State such as TOC.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fuerzas Armadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[soberanía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crimen organizado trasnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Armed Forces]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sovereignty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[transnational organized crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[State.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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