<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-8618</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Retos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-8618</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Politécnica Salesiana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-86182021000100093</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17163/ret.n21.2021.06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Crecimiento económico y la teoría de la eficiencia dinámica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Crecimiento económico y la teoría de la eficiencia dinámica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urdaneta-Montiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borgucci-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emmanuel Vitorio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo-Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bladimir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Zulia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guayaquil  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-86182021000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-86182021000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-86182021000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Esta investigación analiza el crecimiento económico desde la teoría de la eficiencia dinámica, utilizando un indicador global de competitividad y uno de libertad económica global, partiendo de la hipótesis de que mayor libertad económica se traduce en mayor competitividad y crecimiento económico. La eficiencia dinámica sustentada en autores de la economía austriaca pretende explicar cómo el incremento en la rentabilidad y productividad en la producción de bienes y servicios, depende principalmente de la creatividad empresarial. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, el estudio es descriptivo, correlacional y prospectivo, se empleó datos de panel de las 20 economías más grandes del continente americano; también analiza los principales indicadores macroeconómicos, la calidad de las instituciones, salud, educación primaria, infraestructura y el grado de innovación empresarial, correlacionado con variables que miden el nivel de libertad para hacer negocios, presión fiscal, tamaño del gobierno, seguridad jurídica; se mide la competitividad por medio de los factores que determinan la productividad de una economía. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que el índice de libertad económica y el PIB per cápita, muestran una relación causal bidireccional en el sentido de Granger, develando con ello una relación de endogeneidad entre ambas variables. Se demostró el grado de cointegración, causalidad y explicación de la competitividad y la libertad económica con el crecimiento económico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This research analyzes economic growth from the theory of dynamic efficiency, using a global indicator of competitiveness and one of global economic freedom, starting from the hypothesis that greater economic freedom translates into greater competitiveness and economic growth. The dynamic efficiency supported by authors of the Austrian economy aims to explain how the increase in profitability and productivity in the production of goods and services depends mainly on business creativity. From the methodological point of view, the study is descriptive, correlational and prospective, using panel data from the 20 largest economies in the American continent. The study analyzes the main macroeconomic indicators, the quality of institutions, health, primary education, infrastructure and the degree of business innovation, correlated with variables that measure the level of freedom to do business, fiscal pressure, size of government, security Legal, competitiveness is measured through the factors that determine the productivity of an economy. Among the main results, it was found that the index of economic freedom and the GDP per capita show a bidirectional causal relationship in the Granger sense, thus revealing an endogenity relationship between both variables. The degree of cointegration, causality and explanation of competitiveness and economic freedom with economic growth was demonstrated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Competitividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[libertad económica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función empresarial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[eficiencia dinámica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Competitiveness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic freedom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[business function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[and economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dynamic efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[productivity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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