<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-8596</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[LA GRANJA. Revista de Ciencias de la Vida ]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[La Granja]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-8596</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Politécnica Salesiana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-85962019000100070</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17163/lgr.n29.2019.06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[LA PRODUCTIVIDAD AGRÍCOLA MÁS ALLÁ DEL RENDIMIENTO POR HECTÁREA: ANÁLISIS DE LOS CULTIVOS DE ARROZ Y MAÍZ DURO EN ECUADOR]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY BEYOND THE YIELD PER HECTARE: ANALYSIS OF ECUADORIAN RICE AND HARD CORN CROPS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singaña Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Politécnica Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>70</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-85962019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-85962019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-85962019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  La presente investigación aborda las consecuencias de implementar programas gubernamentales enfocados exclusivamente al incremento de la productividad agrícola mediante el uso de insumos químicos y semillas mejoradas, práctica propia a la llamada Revolución Verde. Así, se toma como caso de estudio al Plan Semillas de Alto Rendimiento (PSAR) con sus dos cultivos objetivo: el maíz duro y el arroz, durante 2014 y 2016, y se utilizan métodos econométricos, estimados con información estadística de la Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua, para proporcionar evidencia empírica que permita extender el debate sobre los efectos de la política pública ecuatoriana pro-productividad agrícola, más allá del simple aumento de las toneladas producidas por hectárea. El estudio enfatiza dos aspectos: la disyuntiva productividad-exclusión, al considerar al PSAR como parte de un proceso de concentración indirecta de la tierra, y la disyuntiva productividad-diversidad al considerar al PSAR como un potencial riesgo para la biodiversidad y la soberanía alimentaria. Los resultados muestran no solo que el uso de insumos químicos y variedades mejoradas no garantiza el incremento de la productividad agrícola, sino también que el planteamiento unidimensional del objetivo de aumentar la producción por hectárea sembrada tiene secuelas en factores como: biodiversidad, concentración de la tierra, asociatividad y rol de la mujer.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  This article deals with the indirect effects of looking for increasing agricultural productivity by using high-yielding varieties (HYVs) in association with chemical fertilizers and agro-chemical, according to the Green Revolution dyna-mics. The so-called Plan Semillas de Alto Rendimiento (PSAR) Ecuadorian public program, which targets the hard corn and rice crops, is selected as the study case. Using information from the Surface and Continuing Farming Pro-duction Survey covering the 2014 and 2016 periods and econometric tools. This study provides empirical evidence for extending the debate on the consequences of the PSAR beyond the traditional productivity measure, namely, tons produced per hectare. On the one hand, the focus is on the productivity-exclusion paradox which emerges when considering the PSAR as part of a process of indirect land concentration. On the other hand, the emphasis is on the productivity-diversity paradox which origins when considering to PSAR as a potential risk to biodiversity and, the-refore, to food sovereignty. The results suggest not only that the use of HYVs, chemical fertilizers and agro-chemicals does not guarantee the increase in agricultural productivity but also that factors such as: biodiversity, land concentra-tion, associativity and role of women are affected by the search for greater agricultural productivity.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Productividad agrícola]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agricultura bajo contrato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de regresión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biodiversidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PSAR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Revolución Verde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agricultural productivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contract farming]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regression analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PSAR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Green Revolution]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Investigating the Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Uganda»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Mujer, agricultura y seguridad alimentaria: una mirada para el fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas en América Latina»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballara,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damianovi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[BRIDGE development &#8211; gender]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltagi,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briggs,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Encyclopedia of Human Geography]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>DETCMAG, Dirección de Estudios Técnicos de Comercio del MAGAP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ficha informativa Proyecto Nacional de Semillas para agrocadenas estratégicas.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ETCMAG, Dirección de Estudios Técnicos de Comercio del MAGAP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ficha informativa Proyecto Nacional de Semillas para agrocadenas estratégicas.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dufumier,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agriculturas campesinas en Latinoamérica. Propuestas y desafíos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eaton,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheperd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultura por contrato: Alianzas para el crecimiento.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evenson,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grinspun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo rural y neoliberalismo]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El incendio frío. Hambre, alimentación, desarrollo]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Houtart,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manifiesto para la agricultura familiar campesina e indígena en el Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The timing of nitrogen fertilizer application: the case of cotton production in the United States»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wen-Yuan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LeRoy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noel D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Mathematical Modelling]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>MAGAP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La Política Agropecuaria Ecuatoriana. Hacía el desarrollo territorial rural sostenible]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The new Green Revolution: Sustainable intensification of agricul-ture by intercropping»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin-Guay,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science of the Total Environment]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Valle,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Agricultura Familiar en El Ecuador.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsumoto,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An African Green Revolution]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Fertilizer adoption by small-scale farmers in Nakuru District, Kenya»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbata,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fertilizer Research]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moseley,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The Green Revolution and the productivity paradox: evidence from the Indian Punjab»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murgai,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rinku]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural Economics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakano,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An African Green Revolution]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Food security in the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Zone of Ghana: an ordered probit with household hunger scale approach»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nkegbe P.,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abu B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Issahaku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agriculture &amp; Food Security]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Metodología de la Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua, ESPAC 2014.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramsey,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological)]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Junta Militar de la República del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ley de Reforma Agraria y Colonización.]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarandón,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agroecología: El camino hacia una agricultura sustentable]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarandón,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agroecología: bases teóricas para el diseño y manejo de Agroecosistemas sustentables]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Determinants of Rice Productivity: An Analysis of Jaffarabad District-Balochistan (Pakistan)»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaikh,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Scientific Journal]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Diversity, productivity and temporal stability in the economies of humans and nature»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilman,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polasky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Environmental Economics and Management]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Vía-Campesina</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Por el derecho a producir y por el derecho a la tierra. Soberanía Alimentaría: un futuro sin hambre]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wooldridge,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felicia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Revolution]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yumbla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[No todo lo que brilla es oro! Agricultura bajo contrato: nueva forma de extracción del capital social en el Socialismo del siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Productivity effect and overuse of pesticide in crop production in China»]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang,]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chao]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Integrative Agriculture]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
