<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-6542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Enfoque UTE]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-6542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad UTE]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-65422014000200001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29019/enfoqueute.v5n2.36</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Posibles riesgos para la salud debido al consumo de aspartame]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Possible health risks due to the consumption of aspartame]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresa Guerrero]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Galo Mora]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>13</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-65422014000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-65422014000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-65422014000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Los edulcorantes son compuestos que confieren el sabor dulce a alimentos, bebidas y medicamentos. El aspartame es uno de los más utilizados en la actualidad; su metabolismo produce fenilalanina, ácido aspártico y metanol. El propósito de esta investigación fue revisar la literatura científica sobre los niveles de consumo permitidos, toxicología y estudios epidemiológicos del aspartame. La Directiva del Parlamento Europeo lo aprobó como aditivo alimentario en 1994 y la FDA, en 1996. El Comité Mixto FAO / OMS de Expertos en Aditivos Alimentarios y la FDA fijaron la ingestión diaria admisible en 40 y 50 mg / kg de peso corporal / día, respectivamente. El edulcorante y sus productos de degradación han sido evaluados por más de 30 años con la intervención de numerosas organizaciones internacionales. Sin embargo, aún existe controversia sobre su uso porque hay investigaciones cuyos resultados le atribuyen efectos secundarios neuropsíquicos, tumores cerebrales, propiedades cancerígenas para diferentes órganos, daños para el feto durante la gestación, desarrollo de linfomas y leucemias, mientras que otros investigadores aseguran que su uso es inocuo para los seres humanos si el consumo es menor que la ingestión diaria admisible. No es recomendado para personas con fenilcetonuria y mujeres embarazadas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Sweeteners are compounds that give the sweet taste to foods, drinks and drugs. Aspartame is one of the most used today; its metabolism produces phenylalanine, aspartic acid and methanol. The purpose of this research was to review the scientific literature about the levels of consumption considered safe, toxicology and epidemiological data of aspartame. The European Parliament approved it as a food additive in 1994 and the FDA did it in 1996. Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and FDA set the Acceptable Daily Intake at 40 and 50 mg / kg bw / day, respectively. The sweetener and its degradation products have been evaluated for over 30 years with the involvement of numerous international organizations. However, there is still controversy over its use because there are researches whose results attribute to it neuropsychiatric side effects, brain tumors, carcinogenic properties for different organs, damage to the fetus during pregnancy, development of lymphomas and leukemia, while other researchers say their use is harmless to humans if consumption is less than the Acceptable Daily Intake. It is not recommended for people with phenylketonuria and pregnant women.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Aspartame]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ingestión diaria admisible]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[carcinogénesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenilcetonuria.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Aspartame]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acceptable daily intake]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[carcinogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenylketonuria.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Artificial sweetener consumption and urinary tract tumors in Cordoba, Argentina.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andreatta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lantieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eynard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prev Med]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>136-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Aspartamo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Greenfacts]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astiasarán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alimentos. Composición y Propiedades]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belpoggi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aspartame: la risposta dell&#8217;Istituto Ramazzini alle dichiarazioni dell&#8217;EFSA]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consumo d&#8217;aspartame]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belpoggi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soffritti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padovani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degli Esposti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lauriola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1076</volume>
<page-range>559-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Chemical Abstracts Service]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Codex Alimentarius, Normas internacionales de los alimentos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Glosario de términos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cubero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montferrer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aditivos Alimentarios]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A. Madrid Vicente, Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Cuevas de la Araña</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Rutas con historia]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Niveles de ingesta diaria de edulcorantes no nutritivos en escolares de la región de Valparaíso]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quijada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almonacid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berlanga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Chil. Nutr]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>444-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EFSA, European Food Safety Authority</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Aspartame]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive]]></article-title>
<collab>EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[EFSA Journal 2013]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>3496</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FDA, U.S</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Food and Drug Administration]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Edulcorantes Naturales y Sintéticos: Aplicaciones y Aspectos Toxicológicos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giannuzzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Farnz. Botlaeretise]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>119-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>International Sweeteners Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Aspartamo]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aspartame: A Safety Evaluation Based on Current Use Levels, Regulations, and Toxicological and Epidemiological Studies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magnuson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burdock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kroes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pariza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spencer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waddell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Reviews in Toxicology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>629-727</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>MedlinePlus</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fenilcetonuria]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La EFSA descarta riesgos para la salud en el aspartamo. Malagahoy.es]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increasing brain tumor rates: is there a link to aspartame?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitznagel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neuropathol Exp Neurol]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>115-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consumption of artificial sweetener- and sugar-containing soda and risk of lymphoma and leukemia in men and women]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schernhammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Birmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feskanich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Clin Nutr]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1419-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aspartame and breast and other cancers]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[West J Med]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<numero>5-6</numero>
<issue>5-6</issue>
<page-range>300-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of Aspartame on Maternal-Fetal and Placental Weights, Length of Umbilical Cord and Fetal Liver: A Kariometric Experimental Study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soares Pórtela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azoubel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batigália]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Morphol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>549-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soffritti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belpoggi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degli Esposti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambertini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tibaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Environ Health Perspect]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<page-range>379-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The NutraSweet Company</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Neotame]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Artificial sweeteners-do they bear a carcinogenic risk?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weihrauch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diehl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Oncology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>1460-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weininger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stermitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Química Orgánica]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>836</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Reverté]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
