<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-4299</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-4299</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales- FLACSO-Sede Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-42992026000100053</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/urvio.44.2026.6614</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las rimas de la historia: la geopolítica clásica en la competencia estratégica Estados Unidos-China]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Rhymes of History: Classical Geopolitics in US-China Strategic Competition]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[As rimas da história: geopolítica clássica na competição estratégica EUA-China]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbajal-Glass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fausto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Anáhuac México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>44</numero>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>69</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-42992026000100053&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-42992026000100053&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-42992026000100053&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  el sistema internacional atraviesa un proceso de fragmentación y reconfiguración caracterizado por la competencia estratégica entre Estados Unidos y China, cuyo impacto se manifiesta de manera evidente en América Latina y el Caribe. Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la vigencia de los principios de la geopolítica clásica a la luz de esta rivalidad en el hemisferio occidental, máxime que la región se ha convertido en un escenario geopolítico debido a imperativos político-diplomáticos, económico-comerciales, tecnológicos y geoestratégicos. Metodología: sustentado en evidencia empírica sobre las transformaciones en patrones comerciales, de financiamiento e inversión extranjera directa, este análisis se realiza desde un enfoque hermenéutico-interpretativo y emplea técnicas de inteligencia de fuentes abiertas. Este artículo revisa de manera exhaustiva las propuestas teóricas de la geopolítica clásica de Rudolph Kjellén, Karl Haushofer y Halford Mackinder, y aplica sus conceptos centrales al contexto actual de la competencia estratégica entre Washington y Beijing en la región. Conclusiones: los hallazgos muestran que los principios geopolíticos clásicos mantienen relevancia analítica significativa, aunque requieren una reinterpretación para incorporar elementos como la multipolaridad regional, la competencia económica no coercitiva y la complejidad de las alianzas múltiples que caracterizan el escenario latinoamericano del siglo XXI.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: The international system is undergoing a process of fragmentation and reconfiguration characterized by strategic competition between the United States and China, the impact of which is clearly evident in Latin America and the Caribbean. Objective: This article aims to analyze the continued relevance of classical geopolitical principles in light of this rivalry in the Western Hemisphere, especially given that the region has become a geopolitical arena due to political-diplomatic, economic-commercial, technological, and geostrategic imperatives. Methodology: Based on empirical evidence regarding transformations in trade patterns, financing, and foreign direct investment, this analytical study adopts a hermeneutic-interpretive approach and employs open-source intelligence techniques. Thus, this article provides a comprehensive review of the theoretical proposals of classical geopolitics by Rudolph Kjellén, Karl Haushofer, and Halford Mackinder, applying their central concepts to the current context of strategic competition between Washington and Beijing in the region. Conclusions: The findings show that classic geopolitical principles retain significant analytical relevance, although they require reinterpretation to incorporate elements such as regional multipolarity, non-coercive economic competition, and the complexity of multiple alliances that characterize the Latin American scenario of the 21st century.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  O sistema internacional atravessa um processo de fragmentação e reconfiguração caracterizado pela competição estratégica entre os Estados Unidos e a China, cujo impacto é claramente evidente na América Latina e no Caribe. Objetivo: Este artigo visa analisar a relevância contínua dos princípios geopolíticos clássicos à luz dessa rivalidade no Hemisfério Ocidental, especialmente considerando que a região se tornou uma arena geopolítica devido a imperativos político-diplomáticos, econômico-comerciais, tecnológicos e geoestratégicos. Metodologia: Com base em evidências empíricas sobre as transformações nos padrões de comércio, financiamento e investimento estrangeiro direto, este estudo analítico adota uma abordagem hermenêutico-interpretativa e emprega técnicas de inteligência de código aberto. Assim, este artigo oferece uma revisão abrangente das propostas teóricas da geopolítica clássica de Rudolph Kjellén, Karl Haushofer e Halford Mackinder, aplicando seus conceitos centrais ao contexto atual da competição estratégica entre Washington e Pequim na região. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que os princípios geopolíticos clássicos mantêm uma relevância analítica significativa, embora exijam uma reinterpretação para incorporar elementos como a multipolaridade regional, a competição econômica não coercitiva e a complexidade das múltiplas alianças que caracterizam o cenário latino-americano do século XXI.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competencia estratégica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geopolítica clásica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[classical geopolitics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Strategic competition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Competição estratégica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[geopolítica clássica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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