<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1390-4299</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[URVIO]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1390-4299</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales- FLACSO-Sede Ecuador]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1390-42992020000100093</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17141/urvio.26.2020.4221</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Espionaje y competitividad: la industria automotriz alemana en el juego comercial moderno de China]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Espionage and Competitiveness: The German Automotive Industry in China's Modern Commercial Game]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Espionagem e competitividade: a indústria automotiva alemã no moderno jogo comercial da China]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pazmiño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel F. Crespo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>26</numero>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>103</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1390-42992020000100093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico son una fuente crucial de competitividad dentro del entorno comercial global. En el siglo XXI, firmas automotrices alemanas como Audi, Volkswagen y Mercedes-Benz se han posicionado en el top de empresas con reconocimiento internacional por su calidad y prestigio innovador. No es ninguna novedad destacar que cada vez existen más compañías productoras de automóviles que se establecen a partir de la reproducción a bajo costo de los modelos de las principales marcas. Sin embargo, cabe destacar el hecho de que la industria automotriz alemana ha extendido su vinculación con las empresas ensambladoras de automóviles en China,que se han vuelto conocidas por duplicar el producto alemán.Mediante un análisisbajo los lentes de la seguridad económica, la dinámica del espionaje industrial moderno y la cultura del capitalismo chino, este trabajose enfoca en evidenciar cómo el espionaje corporativo constituye una parte más del juego comercial moderno, particularmente en el contexto de la industria automotriz alemana en China. Así, se analizan los principales casos de espionaje chino de la industria alemana, las acciones defensivas emprendidas por Alemaniay las estrategias que su industria automotriz prioriza paramantener la competitividad en un entorno de espionaje e incertidumbre.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Innovation and technological development are a crucial source of competitiveness within the global trading environment. So far in the 21st century, some German automotive firms, such as Audi, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz, have positioned at the top of internationally recognized car companies for their quality and innovative prestige. It is no novelty to mention that there are more and more car-producing companies, which reproduce the models of the main brands at a lower cost, and in doing so, they have positioned themselves internationally. However, it is especially noteworthy the fact that the German automobile industry has been spreading its linkage with the manufacturers and assemblers of cars in China, which have become famous by doubling the German product. This article shows how corporate espionage constitutes a part of the modern commercial game, particularly in the context of the German automotive industry in China, under the lens of economic security, the dynamics of modern industrial espionage and the culture of China's capitalism. For such ends, it discusses the main cases of Chinese espionage of the German industry, the defensive actions undertaken by the German Government, and the strategies that the German automotive industry prioritizesin order to maintain its competitiveness in an environment of espionage and uncertainty.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A inovação e o desenvolvimento tecnológico são uma fonte crucial de competitividade no ambiente comercial global. Até o momento no século XXI, algumas empresas automotivas alemãs, como Audi, Volkswagen e Mercedes-Benz, se posicionaram no topo das empresas de automóveis reconhecidas internacionalmente por sua qualidade e prestígio inovador. Não é novidade mencionar que há cada vez mais empresas produtoras de automóveis, que reproduzem os modelos das principais marcas a um custo menor e, ao fazê-lo, se posicionaram internacionalmente. No entanto, é especialmente digno de nota o fato de a indústria automobilística alemã ter difundido sua ligação com os fabricantes e montadores de carros na China, que se tornaram famosos ao dobrar o produto alemão. Sob a lente da segurança econômica, da dinâmica da espionagem industrial moderna e da cultura do capitalismo chinês, o presente artigo mostra como a espionagem corporativa constitui parte do jogo comercial moderno, particularmente no contexto da indústria automotiva alemã na China. Para tanto, discute os principais casos de espionagem chinesa da indústria alemã, as ações defensivas empreendidas pelo governo alemão e as estratégias que a indústria automotiva prioriza para manter sua competitividade em um ambiente de espionagem e incerteza.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Alemania]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competitividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espionaje industrial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[industria automotriz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inteligencia competitiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[automotive industry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[competitive intelligence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[competitiveness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Germany]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[industrial espionage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[competitividade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[espionagem industrial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[indústria automotiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inovação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inteligência competitiva]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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