SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.30 issue1Epilepsy as prognostic factor of refractoriness and functionality in status epilepticus in Mexican patientsPrescription patterns of antimigraine drugs author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO

Share


Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología

On-line version ISSN 2631-2581Print version ISSN 1019-8113

Rev Ecuat Neurol vol.30 n.1 Guayaquil Apr./Jul. 2021

https://doi.org/10.46997/revecuatneurol30100046 

Artículo Original

Magnetic resonance poor prognostic factors in mexican Multiple Sclerosis patients

Factores de mal pronóstico por resonancia magnética en pacientes mexicanos con Esclerosis Múltiple

Ricardo Jorge García-Bermúdez1 

Brenda Bertado-Cortés1 

Raúl Carrera-Pineda1 

1Specialities Hospital of “Siglo XXI” National Medical Center, Department of Neurology. Mexico City, Mexico. <ricardojgb92@gmail.com>


Abstract

Introduction:

Multiple sclerosis is one of the main causes of disability in young people. It has characteristic lesions in magnetic resonance images which are part of diagnosis criteria, and some of them could predict a long-term disability. In mexican population there is no description about multiple sclerosis imaging characteristics.

Materials and methods:

We performed an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrolective study at the Neurology Service of Specialties Hospital of Siglo XXI National Medical Center of Mexican Social Security Institute, in Mexico, evaluating magnetic resonance images characteristics of patients with multiple sclerosis diagnosis between January 2017 and January 2020.

Results:

75 patients were included, 8% had 1-3 T2-weighted lesions, 18.6% had 4-9 T2-weighted lesions, and 73.3% had 10 or more T2-weighted lesions. 50.6% had infratentorial lesions and 61.3% had spinal cord lesions. Gadolinium enhancing lesions were found in 48%, with a median of lesions 2 (IQR 1,3).

Conclusions:

Mexican patients with multiple sclerosis have a great incidence of magnetic resonance image poor prognosis factors, which should lead to a closer follow-up and influence treatment options.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis; Mexican patients; Epidemiology; Prognosis; Magnetic resonance; Disability.

Resumen

Introducción:

La esclerosis múltiple es una de las principales causas de discapacidad en personas jóvenes. Se caracteriza por lesiones en resonancia magnética que forman parte de sus criterios diagnósticos, prediciendo algunas de ellas discapacidad a largo plazo. En la población mexicana no existe descripción de las características por imagen de esclerosis múltiple.

Materiales y métodos:

Desarrollamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrolectivo de cohorte en el servicio de Neurología del Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI” del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en México, evaluando las características por imagen de resonancia magnética en pacientes con diagnóstico de esclerosis múltiple entre enero de 2017 y enero de 2020.

Resultados:

75 pacientes fueron incluidos. En secuencia T2 el 8% tuvo 1-3 lesiones, 18.6% tuvo 4-9 lesiones en secuencia T2 y 73.3% tuvo 10 o más lesiones. El 50.6% tuvieron lesiones infratentoriales y el 61.3% tuvo lesiones en médula espinal. Lesiones captantes de gadolinio se encontraron en el 48%, con una mediana de lesiones de 2 (RIC 1,3).

Conclusiones:

Los pacientes mexicanos con esclerosis múltiple tienen una gran incidencia de factores de mal pronóstico por resonancia magnética, lo cual debería de guiar a un seguimiento más estrecho e influenciar en las opciones de tratamiento.

Palabras clave: Esclerosis Múltiple; pacientes mexicanos; epidemiología; pronóstico; discapacidad

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of neurological disability, especially in young people(1). This chronic, neuroinflammatory, and demyelinating disease has multiple mechanisms involved in its physiopathology, which makes it difficult to treat(2). Mexico has a MS mean prevalence of 18.7 per 100,000 habitants, with a gender ratio female:male of 2.3:1 and a predominance between the third and fourth decades of life(3)(4). Magnetic resonance image (MRI) has an important role in MS diagnosis. This diagnostic method shows the characteristical lesions of the disease, which are areas of hyperintensity on a T2-weighted or proton-density-weighted MRI scan that is at least 3mm in long axis located in four different zones: cortical or juxtacortical, periventricular, infratentorial or spinal cord. Optic nerve lesions could be part of the typical lesions of MS, depending on the diagnostic criteria. Also, when those lesions get chronic, they can be visualized hypointense in T1-weighted MRI(5)(6).

There are several disease characteristics which can predict a poor prognosis and a long-term disability, including MRI features(7). A greater number of T2 lesions at MS diagnosis has been associated with a higher disability, especially within the groups of patients with 4-9 and 10 or more T2 lesions(8). Gadolinium enhancing lesions (GEL) mainly predict the probability of conversion to clinically defined MS, but also long-term disability(9). Lesions topography plays an important role in long-term disability, being infratentorial and spinal cord lesions the ones that are predictors(10)(11).

There are some studies about clinical and demographic characteristics of Mexican MS patients, nevertheless, there are no reports of radiological characteristics of these patients at diagnosis(12).

Materials and methods

We performed an observational, descriptive, cross sectional, and retrolective study at the Neurology service at Specialties Hospital of Siglo XXI National Medical Center of Mexican Social Security Institute, in Mexico city, Mexico. All patients whom MS diagnosis, by 2017 McDonald diagnosis criteria, were made during hospitalization between January 2017 and January 2020, were included. The objective of this study was to show MRI poor prognostic factors in Mexican population with MS. Patients hospitalized with known MS diagnosis or MS relapse were excluded. Demographic and MRI characteristics were obtained from medical records. All MRI were performed with Philips Ingenia 3.0 tesla MRI system. Data collected was gender, age, smoking, comorbidities, number of MRI T2-weighted lesions, number of gadolinium enhancing lesions, localization of T2-weighted lesions, and presence of T1-weighted hypointense lesions.

Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) and as median and interquartile range (IQR); qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for Windows was used.

Results

75 patients got MS diagnosis by 2017 McDonald diagnosis criteria during hospitalization. 37 (49.3%) were men and 38 (50.6%) were women. Mean age was 33 years old (SD 11.68) with 21 (28%) older than forty years. Smoking was found in 20 (26.6%) patients and 24 (32%) had comorbidities, being arterial hypertension, depression, and hypothyroidism the most frequent with 22.5%, 12.9%, and 12.9%, respectively. In table 1 are shown demographic characteristics of patients. (Table 1)

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients. 

Characteristics Value
Men n (%) 37 (49.3)
Women n (%) 38 (50.6)
Age* (SD) 33 (11.68)
Older than forty years n (%) 21 (28)
Smoking n (%) 20 (26.6)
Comorbidities n (%) 24 (32)
Arterial hypertension 7 (22.5)
Depresion 4 (12.9)
Hypothyroidism 4 (12.9)
Dyslipidemia 2 (6.4)
Migraine 2 (6.4)
Rheumatoid arthritis 2 (6.4)
Gastritis 2 (6.4)
Diabetes 1 (3.2)
Allergic rhinitis 1 (3.2)
Ankylosing spondylitis 1 (3.2)
Schizophrenia 1 (3.2)
Arrhythmia 1 (3.2)
Asthma 1 (3.2)
Fibromyalgia 1 (3.2)
Thyroid nodule 1 (3.2)

*Media. SD standard deviation.

In MRI (Table 2), 6 (8%) patients had 1-3 T2-weighted lesions, 14 (18.6%) had 4-9 T2-weighted lesions, and 55 (73.3%) had 10 or more T2-weighted lesions. 38 (50.6%) patients had infratentorial lesions and 46 (61.3%) had spinal cord lesions. GEL were found in 36 (48%) patients, with a median of lesions of 2 (IQR 1,3). T1-weighted hypointense lesions were found in 59 (78.6%) patients. From the four poor prognostic factors identified (10 or more T2-weighted lesions, infratentorial lesions, spinal cord lesions, and GEL), 55 (73.3%) patients had more than one and 15 (20%) had all of them. In table 2 are shown MRI poor prognosis characteristics of patients.

Table 2 MRI characteristics of patients. 

MRI characteristics Value
Number of T2-weighted lesions n (%)
1-3 6 (8)
4-9 14 (18.6)
10 or more 55 (73.3)
Lesions topography n (%)
Periventricular 73 (97.3)
Cortical/juxtacortical 71 (94.6)
Infratentorial 38 (50.6)
Spinal cord 46 (61.3)
Gadolinium enhancing lesions
Patients n (%) 36 (48)
Lesions* (IQR) 2 (1,3)
T1-weighted hypointense lesions n (%) 59 (78.6)
2 or more characteristics1 n (%) 55 (73.3)
4 characteristics2 n (%) 15 (20)

*Median. 1Combinations of 10 or more T2-weighted lesions, infratentorial lesions, spinal cord lesions, and/or GEL. 210 or more T2-weighted lesions, infratentorial lesions, spinal cord lesions, and GEL. IQR: interquartile range (25,75). GEL: gadolinium enhancing lesions.

Discussion

One of the most relevant results in our study is that the gender ratio female:male is 1.02:1, which since several years ago has been increasing as MS incidence in women increases, even greater than 2:1(13). Age at MS diagnosis has a wide range, which could be secondary to an emergency attention in a reference tertiary-care center as ours; furthermore, mean age is older than reported worldwide with almost double the number of patients older than forty years(14)(15).

Smokers are fewer than reported in other studies in contrast to comorbidities, which have the same incidence, with a predominance of arterial hypertension, depression, and thyroid pathology as other populations. Smoking as well as some autoimmune diseases as thyroid pathology, have been associated with a poor MS prognostic(16)(17)(18).

Number of T2-weighted lesions are very similar as in other populations, being most common 10 or more lesions; nevertheless, there are few studies in which the number of patients with 10 or more T2-weighted lesions are greater than 70% as in ours. Lesions topography differs with international studies, being more frequent spinal cord lesions and less frequent infratentorial lesions in our population(19)(20).

Another relevant difference with other reports is the great number of patients with GEL, more than the double of patients, as well as the mean GEL, which is almost three times greater than in other populations(19)(21).

The most important result of this study is that almost three quarters of our patients had more than one poor prognostic factor and the fifth had four of them. These results could be the association of demographic factors as male gender, age at MS diagnosis, smoking, and comorbidities, which have a great incidence in our study(7).

There is known that T2-weighted MRI lesions volume and brain atrophy are also risk factors for long-term disability(22); nevertheless, in our hospital there is no software to measure them.

Conclusion

Our study shows that mexican MS patients have a great incidence of poor prognosis factors in MRI, even more than one, which leads us to investigate the relation with other MS poor prognostic factors. This guides us to a closer monitoring of our patients and to choose the appropriate treatment, assessing the necessity of high effectiveness treatments in order to prevent long-term disability.

Further studies with more patients are needed in order to establish the exact incidence of poor prognosis factors in MRI at MS diagnosis of Mexican population and their impact on long-term disability.

References

GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019;18:269-285. DOI 10.1016/ S1474-4422(18)30443-5. [ Links ]

Dendrou C, Fugger L, Friese M. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Immunology 2015;15:545-558. DOI 10.1038/nri3871. [ Links ]

Correa E, Paredes V, Martínez B. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Latin America and its relationship with European migration. Multiple Sclerosis Journal Experimental, Translational and Clinical 2016;2:1-10. DOI 10.1177/2055217316666407. [ Links ]

Velázquez-Quintana M, Macías-Islas M, Rivera-Olmos V, et al. Esclerosis múltiple en México: un estudio multicéntrico. REV NEUROL 2003;36(11):1019-1022. DOI 10.33588/rn.3611.2002610. [ Links ]

Thompson A, Banwell B, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:162-173. DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2. [ Links ]

Filippi M, Rocca M, Ciccarelli O, et al. MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol 2016. DOI /10.1016/ S1474-4422(15)00393-2. [ Links ]

Rotstein D, Montalban X. Reaching an evidence-based prognosis for personalized treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2019;15:287-300. DOI 10.1038/s41582-019-0170-8. [ Links ]

Fisniku L, Brex P, Altmann D, et al. Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2008;131:808-817. DOI 10.1093/brain/awm329. [ Links ]

Swanton J, Fernando K, Dalton C, et al. Early MRI in optic neuritis: the risk for disability. Neurology 2009;72:542-550. DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341935.41852.82. [ Links ]

Minneboo A, Barkhof F, Polman C, et al. Infratentorial lesions predict long-term disability in patients with initial findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2004;61:217-221. DOI 10.1001/archneur.61.2.217. [ Links ]

Brownlee W, Altmann D, Alves P, Swanton J, et al. Association of asymptomatic spinal cord lesions and atrophy with disability 5 years after a clinically isolated syndrome. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2017;23(5):665-674. DOI 10.1177/1352458516663034. [ Links ]

Bertado-Cortés B, Villamil-Osorio L, Carrera-Pineda R. Características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2016;54(2):186-190. PMID 27561023. [ Links ]

Leray E, Moreau T, Fromont A, et al. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Revue Neurologique 2016;172:3-13. DOI 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.006. [ Links ]

Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Daumer M, et al. Age and disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2011;77:1246-1252. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318230a17d. [ Links ]

Alroughani R, Akhtar S, Ahmed S, et al. Is time to reach EDSS 6.0 faster in patients with late-onset versus young-onset multiple sclerosis? Plos One 2016. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0165846 [ Links ]

Heydarpour P, Manouchehrinia A, Beiki O,et al. Smoking and worsening disability in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand 2018;00:1-8. DOI 10.1111/ane.12916. [ Links ]

Kowalec K, McKay K, Patten S, et al. Comorbidity increases the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2017;89:2455-2461. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004716. [ Links ]

Puz P, Lasek-Bal A, Steposz A, et al. Effect of comorbidities on the course of multiple sclerosis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2018;167:76-81. DOI 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.02.014. [ Links ]

CHAMPS study group. Baseline MRI characteristics of patients at high risk for multiple sclerosis: results from the CHAMPS trial. Multiple Sclerosis 2002;8:330-338. DOI 10.1191/1352458502ms819oa. [ Links ]

Silveira F, Pappolla A, Sánchez F, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging features in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients with or without aquaporin-4 antibody in a Latin America population. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 2020, DOI 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102049. [ Links ]

Hamdy S, Abdel-Naseer M, Shalaby N, et al. Characteristics and predictors of progression in an Egyptian multiple sclerosis cohort: a multicenter registry study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2017;13:1895-1903. DOI 10.2147/NDT.S140869. [ Links ]

Popescu V, Agosta F, Hulst H, et al. Brain atrophy and lesion load predict long term disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84(10):1082-1091. DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304094. [ Links ]

Received: October 02, 2020; Accepted: February 02, 2021

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License