SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.28 número3Enfermedades Neuro-Psiquiátricas En Atención Primaria En Una Zona Rural De La Sierra Ecuatoriana En El 2018Coeficiente de difusión aparente en tejido encefálico: valores de normalidad en población colombiana clínicamente sana índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay articulos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología

versión On-line ISSN 2631-2581versión impresa ISSN 1019-8113

Rev Ecuat Neurol vol.28 no.3 Guayaquil sep./dic. 2019

 

Orginal Article

Midline Cava And Limbic System Dysfunction In Community-Dwelling Individuals Aged ≥20 Years Living In Rural Ecuador. A Case-Control Study Nested To A Population-Based Cohort.

Cavum De Línea Media Y Disfunción Del Sistema Límbico En Individuos De 20 Años O Más Que Viven En Zonas Rurales Del Litoral Ecuatoriano. Estudio De Caso-Control Anidado En Una Cohorte Poblacional.

Oscar H. Del Brutto1 

Diego Estrella2 

Robertino M. Mera3 

Jaydon Kiernan4 

Paul Castle4 

Mark J. Sedler4 

1Universidad Espíritu Santo, School of Medicine. Samborondón, Ecuador. <oscardelbrutto@hotmail.com>

2Instituto de Neurociencias, Department of Psychiatry. Guayaquil, Ecuador.

3Gilead Sciences Inc., Department of Epidemiology. Foster City, CA, USA.

4Stony Brook University, School of Medicine. New York, USA.


ABSTRACT

Background:

Persistence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) into adulthood and their association with mood disorders is unknown.

Objective:

We aimed to assess persistence of these cava in Atahualpa cohort individuals, and their association with clinical depression (as a surrogate of limbic system dysfunction).

Methods:

Cases were defined as Atahualpa residents aged ≥20 years with CSP and/or CV and paired 1:1 to age- and sex-matched randomly-selected controls. A board-certified psychiatrist (blinded to case-control status) interviewed individuals with the aid of the Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9) to establish a diagnosis of clinical depression. The McNemar’s test and conditional logistic regression models were fitted to assess the independent association between persistence of CSP and/or CV and clinical depression (as the dependent variable).

Results:

Of 1,298 individuals undergoing a head CT, 51 (3.9%) had a CSP and/or CV. The selection process for the nested case-control study on the Atahualpa cohort (after excluding eight missing individuals with midline cava) generated 43 pairs. Nine of 43 case-patients (20.9%) and only two control subjects (4.7%) had moderate-to-severe scores on the PHQ-9 (cutoff ≥10 points). Clinical depression was significantly more frequent among case-patients than controls by the McNemar’s test (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) and the conditional logistic regression model (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96).

Conclusions:

This study provides epidemiological evidence favoring the association between midline cava and clinical depression, supporting their relationship with limbic system dysfunction.

Key words: Cavum vergae; Cavum Septum Pellucidum; Clinical depression; Patient Health Questionnaire depression module.

RESUMEN

Antecedentes:

La persistencia de cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) y cavum Vergae (CV) en adultos y su asociación con trastornos del estado de ánimo es desconocida.

Objetivo:

Evaluar la persistencia de estas cavidades y su asociación con depresión clínica (como marcador de disfunción del sistema límbico).

Métodos:

Los casos se definieron como residentes de Atahualpa con edades ≥20 años con CSP y/o CV y se emparejaron 1:1 con controles aleatoriamente seleccionados de acuerdo con edad y sexo. Un psiquiatra (ciego al estado caso/control) entrevistó a los individuos con el módulo de depresión del cuestionario de salud del paciente (PHQ-9) para establecer diagnóstico de depresión clínica. La prueba de McNemar y modelos de regresión logística condicional se utilizaron para evaluar la asociación independiente entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica (como variable dependiente).

Resultados:

De 1.298 individuos sometidos a TC de cerebro, 51 (3.9%) tenían un CSP y/o CV. El proceso de selección para el estudio de casos y controles generó 43 pares. Nueve de 43 casos (20.9%) y solo dos controles (4.7%) tuvieron puntajes de moderados a severos en el PHQ-9 (punto de corte ≥10 puntos). La depresión clínica fue significativamente más frecuente entre los pacientes que en los controles mediante la prueba de McNemar (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) y la regresión logística condicional (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96).

Conclusiones:

Este estudio proporciona evidencia epidemiológica que favorece la asociación entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica, lo que favorece su relación con disfunción del sistema límbico.

Palabras clave: Cavum vergae; Cavum Septum Pellucidum; Depresión clínica; Módulo de depresión del cuestionario de salud del paciente.

INTRODUCTION

Three forms of anterior midline intracranial cava have been recognized, the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), the cavum Vergae (CV) and the cavum vellum interpositum (CVI). Current knowledge suggests that CSP and CV are not related to the ventricular cavities as they do not contain cerebrospinal fluid nor do they have ependymal lining. CVI is considered a subarachnoid cistern that communicates with the quadrigeminal cistern and the cisterna magna.(1)(2)

CSP and CV are often present in newborns and infants (as part of the normal embryo-fetal development) but their prevalence decrease during the first year of life. However, persistence of these congenital cava may be observed in young adults or even later in life, probably as a signature of limbic system dysgenesis.(3) In addition, cases of acquired cava may be observed among professional boxers, fighters and survivors of repeated traumatic brain injury.(4)(5)

Prevalence of midline cava among young and older adults varied across studies.(6) Such differences are likely related to characteristics of study populations. Data on the prevalence of these cava in the population at large is unknown, since most series are not based on healthy individuals taken from the community.(7) A recent meta-analysis comparing prevalence of CSP across patients with mood disorders versus healthy subjects found that 293 out of 630 controls (46.5%) included in nine studies had CSP, which is likely an overestimate.(8)

Some studies found that persistence of CSP and/or CV into adulthood is associated with mood disorders and other psychiatric conditions.(9)(10)(11)(12) As part of the limbic system, the septum pellucidum has a role in the connection between hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, the trigonum habenulae, and the brainstem reticular formation, thus, providing a pathogenetic rationale for the association between persistence of congenital brain cava and various psychiatric disorders.(13) Other studies, however, found no relationship between midline cava and mood disorders.(14)(15)

In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of CSP and CV in a cohort of individuals aged ≥20 years, and to assess their association with clinical depression. Individuals with CVI were not included in view of the lack of relationship between this cavum and psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

Study population

This study was conducted in Atahualpa, a rural Ecuadorian village. The population is homogeneous regarding race/ethnicity (Amerindians), living conditions, socio-economic status and dietary habits, as previously described.(16)

Study design

Using a population-based design, we identified Atahualpa cohort individuals aged ≥20 years with a CSP and/or CV (case-patients) by means of a head CT. All identified cases were matched 1:1 by age (±2 years) and sex to individuals without evidence of midline cava (control subjects), in order to assess potential associations with symptoms of depression by use of the McNemar’s test and conditional logistic regression models. The study followed the recommendations of the standards of reporting of neurological disorders (STROND) guidelines,(17) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital-Clínica Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador (FWA 00006867). All individuals signed a comprehensive informed consent form before enrollment.

Neuroimaging protocol

CTs were performed with a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at Hospital-Clínica Kennedy, Guayaquil. Slice thickness was 3mm, with no gap between slices. Readings focused on the presence of CSP and CV on axial scans. CSP was defined as a structure located between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles having as the anterior boundary the genu of the corpus callosum and as the posterior boundary the columns of the fornix (Figure 1, upper panel). CV was defined as a structure located between the lateral ventricles having as the anterior boundary the body of the corpus callosum and as the posterior boundary the crus of the fornix (Figure 1, lower panel). All images were read by two raters blinded to clinical information. Inter-rater agreement of CT lesions of interest was excellent (k=0.92); discrepancies were resolved by consensus. (Figure 1)

Figure 1 Unenhanced CT of a study participant with a cavum septum pellucidum (upper panel) and with a cavum Vergae (lower panel), showing the typical anterior and posterior boundaries of these midline cava. 

Selection of control subjects

Individuals with no evidence of CSP or CV on CT were selected as potential controls by the use of the Random Integer Generator (https://www.random.org/integers/) and then matched 1:1 by age (±2 years) and sex to patients with CT evidence of these cava. Subjects were ordered according to their unique 7-digit code used for enrollment in the Atahualpa Project. If a given randomly selected individual did not match with the corresponding case-patient or did not agree to participate, the next on the list (also matched by age and sex with the corresponding paired case-patient) was chosen.

Psychiatric evaluation

Both case-patients and control subjects were interviewed by a board-certified psychiatrist blinded to the case-control status. The psychiatric interview focused on the application of a widely used screening instrument to detect depression in primary care settings, the Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 consists of nine items indicative of clinical depression plus a question about functional impairment. The nine questions were scored on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3, with a maximum score of 27 points. Individuals with a score up to 9 points were considered to be non-depressed or mildly depressed, those with a score of 10-14 points were moderately depressive and those with 15-27 points were moderate-to-severe or severely depressive. We used a cutoff of ≥10 points as positive for depressive symptoms, as previously described.(18) The PHQ was developed by Spitzer et al (PRIME-MD© Pfizer Inc.),(19) and the PHQ-9 depression module has been further translated into the Spanish language and validated in urban and rural Latin American communities.(20)(21) The instrument is useful for estimating the presence of major depression in both clinical settings and at the population level.

Covariates investigated

Education, alcohol intake, history of epilepsy and living arrangements may be associated with clinical depression, and were identified as covariates. Education was dichotomized in up to primary school education or higher. Alcohol intake was dichotomized in <50 g/day and ≥50 g/day. For epilepsy assessment, a neurology resident conducted face-to-face interviews to identify individuals with a suspected seizure disorder, and then, a certified neurologist confirmed the diagnosis. Living arrangements were classified into two groups: individuals living with their spouses or other relatives, and those living alone.

Statistical analyses

Data analyses were carried out by using STATA version 16 (College Station, TX, USA). In univariate analyses, differences in the prevalence of mood disorders across case-patients and control subjects were assessed by the McNemar’s test for paired data (matched-pair analysis). Multivariate conditional regression models were fitted to assess the independent association between the presence of CSP and/or CV (as the exposure) and clinical depression (as the dependent variable).

RESULTS

Figure 2 depicts the reasons for not including potentially eligible individuals at each step of the enrollment process. Of 1,702 individuals aged ≥20 years identified during annual door-to-door surveys (2012 to 2018), 1,298 (76%) underwent a head CT. Of these, 51 (3.9%) had a CSP and/or CV, and the remaining 1,247 had no evidence of these cava on CT. The prevalence of brain cava decreased with age, being present in 5.6% individuals below and in only 2.2% above the median age (45 years) of the study population (p=0.002). (Figure 2)

Figure 2 Flow diagram depicting the process of enrollment and the reasons for not including potentially eligible individuals at each step of the process. 

Demographics of the 51 individuals with brain cava differed from the 1,247 who did not had these cava. The former were younger (mean [±SD] age: 42.5±17.7 versus 48.1±18.4 years; p=0.033), and more often men (63% versus 46%; p=0.022) than those without cava.

Eight out of the 51 case-patients did not undergo the psychiatric interview. Three had left the village, two were disabled, two declined consent and one died after CT. This left 43 case-patients and a similar number of control subjects for analyses. Of the 43 subjects initially selected as controls, 15 did not match to case-patients or declined the interview. These subjects were substituted with corresponding controls next on the list (as detailed above).

None of the 43 case-patients had any condition known to be associated with acquired midline cava. The mean age of the 43 case-patients was 43.5±14.7 years (median age: 35 years), and 17 (39.5%) were women. As expected, these numbers were similar to those of control subjects (mean age 43.9±17.7 years [median age: 36 years], and 39.5% women). Among case-patients, 17 (39.5%) had primary school education only, 14 (32.6%) reported alcohol consumption ≥50 g/day, one (2.3%) had epilepsy, and none lived alone. Among the 43 control subjects, 15 (34.9%) had primary school education only, 9 (20.9%) reported alcohol consumption ≥50 g/day, none had epilepsy, and one (2.3%) lived alone. There were no significant differences across case-patients and control subjects in any of the covariates.

Nine of 43 case-patients (20.9%) and only two of 43 control subjects (4.7%) had moderate-to-severe depression. According to the McNemar’s test, clinical depression was significantly more common among case-patients than control subjects (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9, p=0.046). A conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression model also revealed a significant association between the presence of midline cava and depression (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96; p=0.05).

DISCUSSION

In this case-control study nested to a population-based cohort, subjects with CSP and/or CV had increased odds of having depression compared to those without midline cava. These results provide epidemiological evidence supporting an association between midline cava and depression.

As previously noticed, the association between midline cava and mood disorders is controversial. A recent meta-analysis including nine studies found no significant association between CSP and mood disorders.(8) However, in the largest study evaluated in this meta-analysis, the presence of CSP was significantly associated with mood disorders,(9) and in three others, the Odds of having mood disorders among individuals with CSP was from 2 to 4 times greater than in those without CSP (results did not reach significance due to large confidence intervals, probably related to the sample size or the effect of hidden confounders).(12)(22)(23) On the other hand, studies attempting to find an association between CV and mood disorders are scarce, but a significant association was found in the single large series published to date.(10)

Most studies that assessed the presence of midline cava in patients with mood disorders were carried out at specialized centers and compared them with apparently healthy - often unmatched - controls. This may have resulted in a degree of selection bias. In contrast, the present study has a true population-based design in which all adults (aged ≥20 years) from the community were invited to undergo CT, and then, individuals with CT evidence of CSP and/or CV (and their matched control subjects) had a psychiatric evaluation to assess the prevalence of depression across case-patients and control subjects. This design reduces the chance of selection bias and allows for a more accurate determination of any differences in the population at large. This nested case-control study design, together with unbiased selection of subjects, the use of a validated instrument for detection of individuals with clinical depression, the assessment of case-patients and control subjects by a certified psychiatrist, the systematic evaluation of CT images, and the high level of inter-rater agreement for CT findings of interest, all argue for the strength of our results.

On the basis that persistence of midline cava into adulthood is associated with limbic system dysfunction,(3)(13) our results support the concept that clinical depression is linked to dysfunction of midline brain structures of the limbic system and probably to abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation.(24)(25) In this view, our results provide a rational explanation for pathogenetic mechanisms involved in clinical depression.

The present study has some limitations, including the cross-sectional design, which precludes the evaluation of a potential cause-and-effect relationship between the presence of midline cava and depression. However, biological plausibility suggests that the direction of the relationship goes from midline cava to depression, since reverse causation in unlikely. Another limitation is the lack of MRI exams, which could demonstrate small midline cava not well-visualized by CT. However, the use of a high resolution 64 row CT scanner with 3mm slice thickness and no gap between slices, reduces this possibility. Moreover, the possible lack of visualization of small CSP may be - at the same time - an advantage of our study since small midline cava have not been associated with psychiatric manifestations. In view of the homogeneity of Atahualpa residents in terms of ethnicity and living conditions, our results might not be generalizable to other populations or ethnic groups. Finally, we cannot rule out the possibility that some of our patients with CSP and/or CV (particularly those in the younger age group) who had no current symptoms of depression may develop them in the future. Further longitudinal studies with repeated neuroimaging and psychiatric evaluation of the study population will be helpful to answer these questions.

REFERENCES

Tsutsumi S, Ishii H, Ono H, Yasumoto Y. Visualization of the cavum septi pellucidi, cavum Vergae, and cavum veli interpositi using magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2018 Feb;40(2):159-164. [ Links ]

Tubbs RS, Krishnamurty S, Verma K, Sgoja MM, Loukas M, Mortazavi MM, et al. Cavum velum interpositum, cavum septum pellucidum, and cavum vergae: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 2011 Nov;27(11):1927-1930. [ Links ]

Nopoulos P, Swayze V, Flaum M, Ehrhardt JC, Yuh WT, Andreasen NC. Cavum septum pellucidum in normal and patients with schizophrenia as detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Jun;41(11):1102-1108. [ Links ]

Gardner RC, Hess CP, Brus-Ramer M, Possin KL, Cohn-Sheehy BI, Kramer JH, et al. Cavum septum pellucidum in retired American pro-football players. J Neurotrauma 2016 Jan;33(1):157-161. [ Links ]

Lee JK, Wu J, Banks S, Bernick C, Massand MG, Modic MT, et al. Prevalence of traumatic findings on routine MRI in a large cohort of professional fighters. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017 Jul;38(7):1303-1310. [ Links ]

Saba L, Anzidei M, Raz E, Suri J, Piga M, Grassi R, et al. MR and CT of brain’s cava. J Neuroimaging 2013 Jul;23(3):326-335. [ Links ]

Akinola RA, Idowu OE, Nelson-Paseda AO. Caval variations in neurologically diseased patients. Acta Radiol Short Rep 2014 June;3(5):2047981614530288. [ Links ]

Beraldi GH, Prado KS, Amann BL, Radua J, Friedman L, Elkis H. Meta-analyses of cavum septum pellucidum in mood disorders in comparison with healthy controls or schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018 Dec;28(12):1325-1338. [ Links ]

Landin-Romero R, Amann BL, Sarró S, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Vicens V, Rodriguez-Cano E, et al. Midline brain abnormalities across psychotic and mood disorders. Schizophr Bull 2016 Jan;42(1):229-238. [ Links ]

Landin-Romero R, Sarró S, Fernandez-Corcuera P, Moro N, M Goikolea J, Isabel Carrion M, et al. Prevalence of cavum vergae in psychosis and mood spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2015 Nov;186:53-57. [ Links ]

Rajarethinam R, Miedler J, DeQuardo J, Smet CI, Brunberg J, Kirbat R, et al. Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia studied with MRI. Schizophr Res 2001 Mar;48(2-3):201-205. [ Links ]

Shioiri T, Oshitani Y, Kato T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Inubushi T, et al. Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1996 Mar;26(2):431-434. [ Links ]

Nopoulos P, Krie A, Andreasen NC. Enlarged cavum septi pellucidi in patients with schizophrenia: clinical and cognitive correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000 ;12(3):344-349. [ Links ]

Liu H, Li L, Shen LI, Wang X, Hou Y, Zhao Z, et al. Cavum septum pellucidum and first-episode psychosis: a meta-analysis. PloS One 2017 May;12(5):e0177715. [ Links ]

Takahashi T, Malhi GS, Wood SJ, Yucel M, Waltefrang M, Nakamura K, et al. Midline brain abnormalities in established bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord 2010 May;122(3):301-305. [ Links ]

Del-Brutto OH, Mera RM, Castillo PR, Del Brutto VJ. Key findings from the Atahualpa Project: what should we learn? Expert Rev Neurother 2018 Jan;18(1):5-8. [ Links ]

Bennett DA, Brayne C, Feigin VL, Barker-Collo S, Brainin M, Davis D, Gallo V, et al. Development of the standards of reporting of neurological disorders (STROND) checklist: a guideline for the reporting of incidence and prevalence studies in neuroepidemiology. Neurology 2015 Sep;85(9):821-928. [ Links ]

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010 Aug;32(4):345-359. [ Links ]

Spitzer R, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999 Nov;282(18):1737-1744. [ Links ]

Arrieta J, Aguerrebere M, Raviola G, Flores H, Elliott P, Espinosa A, et al. Validity and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2 and PHQ-9 for screening and diagnosis of depression in rural Chiapas, Mexico: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychol 2017 Sep;73(9):1076-1090. [ Links ]

Wulsin L, Somoza E, Heck J. The feasibility of using the Spanish PHQ-9 to screen for depression in primary care in Honduras. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002 Oct;4(5):191-195. [ Links ]

Kim MJ, Lyoo IK, Dager SR, Friedman SD, Chey J, Hwang J, et al. The occurrence of cavum septi pellucidi enlargement is increased in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2007 May;9(3):274-280. [ Links ]

Trzesniak C, Schaufelberger MS, Duran FL, Santos LC, Rosa PG, McGuire PK, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of cavum septum pellucidum and adhesio interthalamica alterations in first-episode psychosis: a population-based MRI study. Psychol Med 2012 Dec;42(12):2523-2534. [ Links ]

Herman JP, Ostrander MM, Mueler NK, Figuereido H. Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005 Dec;29(8):1201-1213. [ Links ]

Takayashi T, Yucel M, Lorenzetti V, Nakamura K, Whittle S, Walterfang M, et al. Midline brain structures in patients with current and remitted major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009 Aug;33(6):1058-1063. [ Links ]

Word count Abstract: 237, Text: 2,074

Funding Study supported by Universidad Espíritu Santo - Ecuador, Guayaquil - Ecuador.

Received: October 02, 2019; Accepted: December 02, 2019

Conflict of interest

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License