RUNAKUNAPAK MAKANAKUY, MAMAKAMACHIYPAK ÑANKUNA

Ecuador ama llaktapi kawsak runaka mana hawallachu kawsaypak mutsuykunatka charishkakuna, ashpawampash sinchita makanakushpa, hatun tantanakuykunawan wankurinakushpami mañaykunataka charikkuna kashka, kunan punllakunakamami Abya yala tantanakuykunawan minkarishpa makanakunkuna. Shina: Abya yala hatun llaktapika, ishkay makanakuykunami tiyashka rikurin. Ecuador Mamallaktapi shuk waranka iskun ptsak, iskun chunka watapi shuk hatun runakuna hatari makanakuy tiyarka, kutin, chay watakunallatakmi Bolivia llaktapipash runakunaka tukuy ñankunata harkashpa llaktata pushakkunawan makanakuy tiyarka. Chay ishkay ruraykunaka makanakunkapak mushuk tantanakuykunata wiñachishpa wankurishpa llaktata wichiman pushana kashkatami rikuchin “chay hatun ruraykunataka kunan kawsaypak yachanami tukun” (^{García 2003}:195).

Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla killapi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñarishpa makanakuyta kallarichirka (^{Wallerstein 2008}). Ishkantik hatun llaktakuna (Bolivia shinallatak Ecuador), runakunapak hatun tantanakuykunamantami ñankunata pitishpa, shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyuchishpa harkashpa, mana murukuta yaykuchishpa, sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata pushakkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha mamapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka harkakkuna. (^{Gutierrez 2009}: 95). Shinami, chay kimsa hatun tantanakuykunaka mama llaktakunawan chimparashpa yuyaykunata kushpa, shinchita makanakushpa kawsankapak wiñarinkuna.

Wakinpika, runakunapak tantanakuy mañashkakuna, makanakuykunaka mana Mamallaktapak ruraykunata wakllichishpa panta mañaykunachu kan, ima shinami Teresa Sierra chay guerrero llaktapi chapak hawamanta rikushka shinaka:

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun chunka, pichka watamantami, uchillallaktapi tantanakushpami yuyarikkuna, wañuchina illapa hillaykunata chay Costa Chica, Guerrero chusku chunka, pusak Awkakunata pushakkuna ukupi rikuchishpa killkachirkakuna. Shinami chay llaktapi chapakkunaka mana mamallaktapak tikraman ruraykunata rurana kashkata rikuchin, ashtawanpash shuway llakikunata wankurishpa allichinkapakmi kan, mana mamallakta allichi tukushkamanta

Ecuador mamallaktapi wiñachishka runakunapak hatun tantanakuypash mana tikraman llaktata llakichinkapakchu kan. Tukuy ruraykuna, shinallatak mañaykunapash kamaykunata paktachishpami kawsankuna. Wakinpika, shina paktachikunaka runakunata muspachinkapakmi kan, ama piñarishpa mañaykunata rurachun, shinami makanakuk runakunata mana makanakuk runakunata rurankuna (^{Poole 2008}). Mamallaktamanta chashna muspachisha nikpipash, runakunapak hatun tantanakuykunaka uramanta hanakmanta makunakushpami paktachiykunta shinallatak mañaykunatapash hapishkakuna, shina: mushuk kamachiyta rurachirka.

SHUK WARANKA, ISKUN PATSAK, ISKUN PUSAK WATAPI KILKACHISHKA KAMACHIY

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, aymuray killapimi Ecuador mamallaktapika hatun tapuy tiyarka, tukuy kiti llaktakumanta tantanakushpa hatun kamachiyta kutin allichishpa killakankapak. Shinami, chay shuy waranka iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata, ishkay chunka punlla, kayak killapi, llaktapi kawsakkuna ari nishkawan kamayta killka kallarirkakuna, chay llankaytaka ñawpa pushak Oswaldo Hurtado aparka, kipamanka Luis Mejía Montesdeoca mishumi chay tantanakuytaka pusharka.

Kaytami yuyarina kanchik, llakpi tukuy kawsakkunaka tantanakushpa kamayta allichinmi ari nirka, shinapash, achkata charik tantanakushka millay mishukuna tantanakushpaka paykunata nishkatami rurarkakuna, ashtawanpash mana ari nishkakunakamami tukuyta kamachiytaka mushukyachirkakuna. Shinami, chay kipaka shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak wata, pichka punlla inti killapi, Riobamba llaktapi mana ni pitapash tapushpalla hatun mushukyachishka kamachiytaka karwa killapi, chay watallatak ña ari nishpa churarkakuna.

Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypika, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykunatami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinallatak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami churarkakuna. Chay punllakunamantami kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runakunapash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka, shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay, tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runakunallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna.

Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallatapash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi puntapi churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash Agustín ^{Grijalva yachakka (2008}) mana allikachinchu, ashtawanpash wakin uchilla kamaykunapika uchilla harkaykunata churashkamanta, kutin, CONAIE tantanakuy, shinallatak Pachakutik tantanakushkakunaka chawpi chawpillapash kushiyarinkunami, ashtawanka ecuador mama kamachiypi runakunapak tawka kawsaykunata churashkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik llaktapi tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami sumakta kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka runakunapak aynikunata riksishpa hatun kamaypi killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llaktakunapi killakashka shinami kan nishpa: Colombia 1991, Perú 1993, Bolivia 1994, Venezuela 1999 (Becker 2015).

Ecuador mama llaktapi tiyak hatun runakunapak tantanakuykunaka, chay shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka kamachiyta pushakkuna mana pakchikta rikushpaka, kutinmi shinchita mañaykunata rurashpa makanakuykunawan kallarirkakuna. Shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka kamachiyka achka allí yuyaykunatami charin, rimaykunata, aynikuna, hanpirinamanta, yachaymanta, ashtawanpash ishkay waranka pusak watapi killkachishka kamachiyka ñawpa kamachiypi churashka yuyaykunata sinchiyachishpami killkachin.

ISHKAY WARANKA PUSAK WATAPI KILLKACHISHKA KAMACHIY

Rafael Correa Delgado, allí yachak,llaktata pushankapak mushuk yuyayta charik, allí yachachaik, amawta, kullki kamayuk, Alfredo Palacio pushakuy watakunapimi riksishka tuparka, ishkay waranka sukta watapimi Ecuador mamallaktapak pushak tukurka. Pichka chunka, sukta chunka kanchis aspiwanmi (56,67%), Ishkay chunka punlla, sasi killapimi chay achka kullkisapa Alvaro Noboa ishkay kutin mishanakuypi misharka, chaypak washaka ishkay waranka kanchis wata, chunka pichka kulla killapimi ña llaktata pushankapak kallarirka.

Tukuymanta yalli paypak yuyay churaskaka mamallaktapak kamachiyta mushukyachichinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wiñachinatami rurasha nishpa yaykurka, shinallatak runakunata hatun tantankuy pushakkunawan, kayshuk tantanakuyta pushkunawanpash, llukimanta yuyayta charik tantanakuynata tantachishpa pushanatami kallarirka. (Partido Socialista, Pachakutik, Movimiento Popular Democrático, Izquierda Democrática, Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano).

Shinami, Rafael Correa Ecuador Mamallaktata pushak yaykushpaka, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, kulla killa, ishkay patsak kanchis watapi hatun tapuyta rurankapak kayachirka. Kimsa killa washa, pay pushankapak yaykushka kashpami kayachirka ari mana ninchunkuna, shinaka, chunka pichka ayriwa killa, ishkay patsak kanchis watapi ña kayachikpika ecuador mamallaktapi tukuy kawsakkunaka pusak chunka yupaykunawan (80%) ari, mushuk kamachiyta killkachun shuk tananakuyta wiñachichun nishpa mishachirka (Becquer 2015). Ña, kimsa chunka punlla, kuski killa, ishkay waranka kanchis watapi kayachikpika patsak kimsa chunkamantaka, pusak runakuna paypak wiñachishka llaktata pushaypak ukumanta muisharka, chasnami chunka shuk marka llaktakunamanta misharkakuna.

Kutin, shamuk wata, ishkay chunka pusak punlla, sasi killa, ishkay patsak wata kayachipika sukta chunka kimsa, iskun chunka kimsa aspikunawanmi ari nirkakuna, kutin, ishkay chunka pusak, chunkakunallami mana nirkakuna, mana allí aspishkakunaka kanchis, ishkay chunka kimsakunatami aspirkakuna, Guayaquil llaktallapimi mana nishpaka misharka, (chusku chunka, iskun kanchis yapaykunawan mana nirka, shinallatak, chusku chunka, sukta pusaku yupaykunaka ari nirka).

Killkak rurashka shuyu

Shuyu 1: Shuyupi akllashka yupaykuna 

Kay suyushkakunapika (1 y 2) imashina Mama Llaktapi pushakkunata akllashkakunatami rikuchin: arinishkakuna (63, 93%), mananishkakuna (28%), sinallatak wakllishkakunatapash (7,23%). Ñukanchik yuyaypika, kay yupaykunaka mamallaktapak akllaykunapak tandanakuyka allí kawsaytami rikuchin. Astawantakka, kay 63,93% arinishka yupaykunami Ecuador, Mama Llaktapi allí tantanakushkata rikuchin. Mama Llaktata pushakpahs sinchi sinchitami shayarishpa yuyarishpapash pushanka. Shinaka, karipak, warmipak, wawakunapak, yuyakkunapakmi allí kawasaykunakanka.

Chay hatun kayachiypi mishayka, runakunapak hatun tantanakuy yanapashpa llankashkamantami misharka. mana Correa pushakllachu mishashka, runakunapak tantanakuy wankurishkakunami mishan nishpami Ana María Anaguarqui Chimborazo markamanta runakunapak tantanakuy pushkka nirka. Ima shinami Venezuela llaktapi waranka iskun patsak, iskun chunka iskun watapi killkashka kamachiy shina, ñukanchik Ecuador mamallakta kamachiyka tukuytami ukumanta mushuk yuyaykunta churarkakuna, chasnami mushuk pushakkunatapash akllana tukurka, kiti llaktamanta kallarishpa, kamaykunata rikukunata, shinallatak mamallaktata pushakkama, (Becker 2015). Achka kawysakkunamanta shinallatak tawka runakunamanta, shuk kawsaypura, shinallatak tawkakuna shukshinalla kawsayta charishkata rikuchik yuyayta churaskami ashtawanka sumak allí karka.

Shuk niki.- Ecuador Mamallakta mamakamachiy hayñi, kishpiriyshka runakunapak, llakta-ushay, hawaman awkiyak, kikinlla, tantachik kawsaypura kawsay, tawka kawsayyuk, mana iñipash kikinyashka Mamallaktami kan, Kay hatun llaktaka Mamalakta shinami tantarin, shinapash markakunapi. llaktakunapi, karumanta kamachishpami pushan. Mamallaktaka awkikayka llaktapimi minkarin, kamachikka paykunapak munaypimi sapiyarin, runakunapaktantanakuy ushaywan paktachin, paykunapak yachaywan chaypi kashpa Mamakachiypi ima shina ikta hawaman churashpa pushan. Mamallaktapak allpa llaktapi tiyakkuna mana kutin wiñarik kakta, mamallaktapak charishkata, mana shitanalla, mana pipash yaykunalla, mana katunalla, wiñaypak charinallami kan

Kay yuyayta churashkaka, Ecuador mamallakatapi tawka kawsaypura, chunka kimsa llakta kawsay, shinallatak yalli pachaka mishukunawan tantalla kawsayta rikushkatami umanachin. (^{Trujillo 2012}; Becker 2015) shinallatak kimsa yuyaykunatami rikuchin

(Shuk) Ecuador mamallaktapika tawka tantanakushka runakuna kawsashkata, ashtawanpash mana shuklla tantarishka runakunallachu kawsan nishpa riksirishkatami rikuchin. (ishkay) Shuy sumak yuyaypika, tukuykuna sumakta kawshuk chayshuk wankurishpa mana makanakushpalla shinallatak mana kayshukka hatun tukushpalla makipurashpa kawsachun yuyaytami rikuchin. (kimsa) Ña kipawanka, shuk tantanakushka runakulla, kayshukkunata mana alikhishpa kawsanata kunkarichun nishpa hatun yuyaytami rikuchin

Shinamari, kawsaypura rikuchiyka tukuy kawsaypi mamallaktapak kamachiy mutsurishka kana kashkata rikuchin, kay yuyakunaka allí kawsaypi, mama llaktapak kallaripi, shinallatak tukuy mama kamachiypimi rikurin (Ávila 2012). Katherine Walsh rikuypika (2009-2012) chay sumak yuyaykunaka, ñawpa runakunapak kawsaymanta hapishkakunami kan, paykuanaka mamallaktamanta chikanchishka, waklichishkami kawsakkuna karka.

Kutin, paykunapak sumak yuyaykunata mama kamchiypi churashpa killkashkaka aschka allimi kan, chaymantami llaktata pushakkunaka paykunataka sinchiyachishpa sumakta tantalla pushana (^{Grijalva 2008}). Llaktata pushak Rafael Correa, mana tantalla tawka runakuawan ecudor mamallaktata pushashkamantami runakunaka piñarishpa chinkanyarishpa anchurkakuna. Ecuador mamakamachiypika shuk sumak rikuytami churarkakuna pachamamapak aynitami killkachirka, kaykamaka pachamaka shuy haylli shinallami rikushka karka, kunanmanta ñawpakmanka pachamamaka kawsayta charikta rikushkami kan (^{Acosta 2014}:323).

Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killkachishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinatami rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika, ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shina kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy hayllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami rikukkuna karka, (Cartesinopak yuyay), kunanka ecuador mamallaktapa kamachiypi pachamamaka kawsayta charinmi nikpika shuk yalli allí ruryami kan, maypipash mana shina yuyashkatami kunan punllakunaka churashkanchik (^{Walsh 2012}).

Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik, kawsaymanta rimarina, Hinkelammert nishka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami pachamamaka ecuador mamallaktapak kamachiypika runakunapak mañashkata paktachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpapash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullkita hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa allimantalla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman kukun.

Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata kamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami pakishpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llaktaman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shuktanata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); runakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kaparikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí kachishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa, (^{Sierra 2014}:36), allí rikukpika, mana ima yuyaytapash kuypak, nimata mana alikachishpa, ima allitapash mana rurashpami llakichikun (^{Ospina 2009}).

Shinallatak, ñukanchik, Mamallaktata pushakkunaka; pi kashpapash, maykan kashpapash, wiñay kawsaypimi runakunataka llakichishpa, wañuchishpa, shamushkakuna. Shina, runakunapak kawsay kakpipash, manatak llakillachu kawsashkakuna, imalapash, imashinapsh pukllaywan, ushaywan, munaywan, yachaywanmi ñawpakman katikmushkakuna.

Chasna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsaypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak nimatapash mana mushukyachishpa apakushkatami rikuchin.

KAWSAYPURAPAK MAMA LLAKTAPI TIKRA YUYAKUNA, SHINALLATAK HARKAYKUANAPASH

Kaysaypurata shinallatak shukshinalla tawka kawsaykunata shuk mamallaktapi churashkaka shuk “hayllikuna shinami kan” (Foucault 2010), shuktakkunapak kawsaykunata riksinkapak, kipanchishpa pakashka kakpi rikurinapak, shinallatak pakalla kawsakushta rikuchinkapak. Kawsaypurayuk mamallaktapika wakchalla llakilla kawsanaka mana pakashka kanachu (Ávila 2012).

Shuktakkunapak kawsaykunata riksinaka, sumakta yachana kikin yachaskata tikra kunkarishpa yachaypakmi kan, chay hatun tantanakushka runakuna, kayshuk uchilla tantanakushka kawsaykunata yachanaka achka mutsurishkami, tantalla llamkana, ñukanchik kiwakunallawantak hampirinamanta, warmikuta alikachishpa kawsaymanta yachanakuna, kutin, kawshuk hatun llaktakunapak kawsaykunaka achka yankamanta wañuykuna, shinallatak shuk hampikunawan hampirishpa kawsaytami apamushka (Ávila 2012). Shina yachaykunataka, kashnami shutichinchik kawsaypura yachay.

Shimami kay mutsurinamanta rikukpika yachay pampakunapi, shinallatak yachana ukukunapipash kutin allí yachachina kanchik, kawsaypura shukshinalla tukushpa yachaytami ruray tukunchik (^{Walsh 2013}), chasshna millay yuyay ñukanchik ukupi tiyashpa hatun tukuna yuyayta, shinallatak pitapash mana alikachishpa kawsana yuyayta kukpi kunkarinkapak (^{Foucault 2014}:16).

Shinami, kay mamallaktapi kawsaypurata sinchiyachinaka mana shuk yanka rimaylla kay. Paktaykunaka mana kamaykunapa killkashkallachu kana kan, yachay wasipi wawakunata yachachinkapaklla, hatun pushayta wiñachishpalla, karu rikuypi rikurinkapakllachu kana kan. Ashtawanpash mamallakatapi kawsaypuramanta rimayka hatun paktaykunapakmi, tukuy runakuna wankurinakushpa sumakta kawsankapakmi kan (Ávila 2012:378).

Hatun yuyarina, tapuy punchakunapimi kawsanchik, ashalla waklishka yuyaykunata kushpami kawsanchik (^{De Sousa Santos 2010}) mana killkana pataku washamanta sumakta rimashpalla makipi waktayta chaskinkapakllachu kan, “imallatapash ashtawanmi rurana kanchik” (R. M. Illicachi, comunicación personal, 18 de enero de 2019).

Kutinllatakmi yuyachini, kawsaypuramanta llankankapakka yachay ukumantami kallarin, yachana wasi ukumantami wiñachina- Imatatak yachana wasika wiñachin- Yachana wasika kawsaypura wankurishpa kawsayta, mana kashpaka sapalla kawsanatami yachachi tukun. Yachana wasi ukupimi rikchachi, mana kashpaka kawsaypuramanta, shukshinaklla kawsayta chikakachichun yachachin, chaymantami tawka llamkaykunata rurana kanchik, shina: yuyaykunata chimpapurashpa tantanakuy, killkanata killkakatishpa, yachana kamukunata killkashpa, sumak kawsaymanta, tantalla kawsaymanta shukkunamantapash. Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsaymanta, twka tanatanakuy kawsaymanta, shukshina kawsaymanta rikunkapak killkakunaka achkakunami tiyan, shinapash imashina yachay ukunamanta llamkanaka mana achkachu rikurin (^{Martínez 2007}).

Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsaypuramanta, sumak kawsaymanta hatun yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasikunapi yachachiyka mana kichwa runakunapakllachu kana kan, ashtawanpash tukuykunapakmi minkashka kan. Mamallaktapi kawsaypura, shukshinalla kawsaypurata sinchiyachinkapakka tukuylla yachanana wasikunapi, shinallatak tukuy yachaykunapimi yachachina kan, “yachankapakka ñawpaman yachaskata kunkarishpami yachana” (^{Walsh 2013}), “chimpapurashpa wankurishpa rurayta katinami allí kanman yuyanimi” (^{Foucault 2014}:14), mana kawsaypura ima kashkata yachankapaklla, ashtawanpash kawsaypak ima allí pushaypak, mana makanashpa kawsaypak, mana alikachishpa kawsayta sakishpa sumakta shuk shinalla tawkakuna kashpapash kawsankapak.

Karu llaktapi killkachishka kamchiykunapash llamkaymanta pushak 169, muyuntik llaktapak killkashka UNESCO nishka shinaka, sinchitami llankana kan, ecuador mamallaktapika manatak ayllu ukupi yachay, llaktakunapi, apunchikta yachana wasi ukukunamanta chikanchishpa llankanachu, ashtawanpash anta uyarianta, yachana wasikunamanta tukuy manyakunamantami kawsaypurata, shukshinalla kawsaypuratka yachachina kanchik mana shina llankakpika sumak rimashka, allí kamachiyta charishkata rikuchikllami sakirinka.

Kawsaypura yachayta mana hawamanta churashkalla kachunka, ayllumanta wiñachishkami kana kan, paykunami ñawpa llaki kawsaytaka yachankuna, paykunami rimanakushpa kawsanataka mañankuna, shinami kikinyarishpa shukshina yuyashpapash kawsanata charinkuna (Ávila 2012:304), runakunapak hatun tantanakuy, yana runakunapak tantanakuy, shinallatak llukichishka yuyayta pushakkuna sinchita kaparishpa mushuk kawsayta wiñachinkuna, paykunaka mana pushak tukunkallapak, mañaykunata makanakuyta pushankapakllachu llankankuna, ashtawanpash kunan pachakunaka runakunapak tantanakuykunaka sumak kawsaypak allí yachaykunata yuyarinakushpa churankapak, ima shina kawsaypurata yachay ukukunamanta churankapakmi kankuna (^{Escobar 2001}), shinami, kichwa runakuna, yana runakuna, mishukunapash wankurinakushpa shukshinalla tawka yuyakunawan llaktata sinchiyachiyachinkakuna.

Kay yuyaypimi awarin, Norma Bayas rimarishka: “Ñukanchik kamachikunaka, tukuykunatami kuyaya kan, pita mana llakichinachun kan. Kunan pachaka, ñawi allí kawsana kanchik, chimpapura rikunakushpa, makita kunakushpa, shunkuwantak kuyanakushpa. Mana shunkumanta kuyanakukpika ima allí kamachikkuna tiyakpipash mana, imapak mana ushunkachu” (N. Bayas, comunicación personal, 15 de marzo de 2019). Chashna kakpika, nipakmi kanchik, kamachikkunaka allimi tiyashka; shinaka, kamachikukunata purichikkunami waklli, waklli kashkakuna.