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KALLARI YUYAY
Kay killakyka, tawka yachachikunapak, ashka taripashkamantami wacharin. Tukuy taripak mashikunami kichwa shimipak llaki tiyashka, sinchiyashka, killkashka, rimashkakunata rikushpa killkashkakuna.
Shinallatak, shimi kawsaypurashpa katinkapakka wiñaykawsaymantami mintalaypi yaykushka, chimpachishka kashka shinallatak ñawpa yachay sami yachaykuna chikan chikan wankurikunaman yallichishka kashka -amawta yachachikkuna, alliyachakkuna, apunchik kamakkuna, kapaktukukkuna, llamkayta ñawpakman pushakkuna, kikinllaktamanta alli yachakkuna- chikan chikan llamkaykunapi shinallatak ushaykunapi llamkakkuna (Dietz & Álvarez, 2014). Nishun saruk wankurikuna shinallatak sarurishkakunawanka yuyayñakarikunata, makanakuykunata shinallatak chimpapuraykunata charishpa kawsamushka (Roseberry, 2007).
Shinaka, shimitaka mana ima pachapash chulunyachishkachu kashka mana kashpaka tukuy, tukuytatakka mana wakichishkachu kashka, uchilla ñankuna mana kashpaka manyakunata mashkakurkalla aknanaykunapi, unanchaykunapi, takikunapi, lwaykunapipash kushka mana kushka pachakunapi willashpa katinkapak. Shimiyay, nishunlla, sinchikaypakka may alli karka. Ninchikmi, runakunaka apamushka shimikunataka mana chaskinkunallachu shinapash llapik ushaykunamanta shinallatak chimpuray rimaykunamanta llakikuna shamushka.
Kayshukmantaka, Ecuadorpak apukyay mama kamachikpi “Sumak kawsay” killkarik shimi, kichwata shimitapash; shinallatk, mamakamachikpi churan kawsaypurapak shimikuna nishka shinallatak yuyaypi sakinchik ñawpa shimikunaka runakuna kawsan llaktakunapi runa llaktakuna rimana shimimi kan shinallatak killkakunata rikushpaka shimiyachay hatariykuna tiyashka rikurin. Kamay ukullapitak makanakuypi kan shinallatak payllatak chay tukuchun sakishkalla.
Chashnaka, llamkay ukupi ñukanchikllatakmi chayshina tukuchun sakikunchik, yaykurichun sakishpa, paykunaman ushayta kushpapash. Ñawpa iñupi willakushka shina, karkushka kashkata shinallatak shimiyachayta kawsayllapikushkata mana pakasha ninchikchu, shinapash kayshina harkay yuyaypi sakirishpaka kichwata rimakkunata, killkakkunatapash mana ushayuk shinapi churakunchik. Kaytaka, imamantatak sarukushkata shinallatak imashinatak kishpiriyta mashkakushtaka tapurinami kan.
Imashina kishpiriykuna tiyamushkataka allimi rimanakuna kanka, ashtawantaka shimiyachay shinallatak kapaktukuy ukumanta. Kapaktukuy ukutaka sarushka wankurikunamantaka James Scott (2007) nik shinaka tawka shina kishpiriyta mashkankapakmi kan mana imata nikshinalla kawsashpa katinkapak. Católico apunchik kamaypimi mana imata nik shinalla kishpirishpa katinkapakka rimashpa shamushkakuna. Chaypimi apunchikman mañaypak kikin shimipi rimay tukurka, mana pachakamakllaman mañankapak ashtawanka tukuykunapak iñiypi yuyashpa (urkukunapi, warunrukkunapi, pakchakunapi sapiyarishka iñiy tiyarka).
Karkushka shimika rimarinkapak pachakunata charirkalla, chaymantami kay punchakunakaman kawsashpa katimun shinallatak shimiyachay ukupi pichka patzak watakuna washapash kawsamunlla. Chaymi kan, sinchikaywan rimaytaka mana sakishka shinallatak mana sakinkachu, tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rinrinlla rimaypipash achkakunami shutichinkuna. Yuyaypi charishpa, sinchikaywan shinallatak sinchiyarishpa katinkapakka shimika Chimborazo runa krikkunapipish tiyakun. Nishunman ishkantik apunchik kamaykunallapitak: católicokunapi shinallatak krikkunapipash, kichwakunallatakmi pushakunkuna.
Kichwata rimakkunaka yuyashpa, mashkashpa shinallatak wiñachishpa katikunkuna shimita sinchiyachinkapak, nishunlla, apunchik kamay ukupipi pachakuna tiyamushkami wiñachinkapak munachinkapakpash. Kaykunaraykumi kayshuk iñukunapika runakay yachayta tapurisha ninchik, shimi kawsashpa katinkapakka chayshina pachakunapi atipashpa shamushkamanta.
YACHAYÑAN
Kay killakayka ishkay yachayñantami katishka: shuk, ashtawantakka, tapushpa, rikushpami killkashka. Tapushka karikunata warmikunata mana imakunami kankichik nishkachu ñawapa taripakkunashina, astawampish kankunaka yachakkunami kankichik nishkam. Kankunapak yachayta karawaychik nishakanchikmi. Imata rikukkta rikushpa ruraktapish mana yanka rikupayashpa shuyakushkanchikllachu, ashtawanpish yanapashkanchikmi.
Shinallatak, kay taripaykunapika, FLACSO, Universidad de Cuenca, Pontificia Universidad Católica yachana wasipi yachakkunatami tapurkakuna imashina, imalla yachashkamantami willankuna. Mana shuk shinalla yachaychu tiyarka kay yachana wasikunapika: kichwa shimimanta yachna tiyarka, taripaymanta yachana tiyarka, amawta shina yachana tiyarka, yachachik tukunamanta yachachiy tiyarka, nishpami willankuna.
Kay yachaykunapika FLACSO, Universidad de Cuenca, Pontificia Universidad Católica, DINEIB, CONAIE tantanakushkakunami kamachikkunawan, kullkikunawan yanaparkakuna. Kashna shina yanapaykunaka kunan pachapika ña mana tiyanchu, ashtawan yanapay tiyashpachariy alli kanman nishpami kayta killkakunapish ninchik. Taripashka mashikunapish chayllatatakmi yuyankuna. Kipa wiñaykunapak kashna yachaykunaka mutsurintakmi.
Universidad Nacional de de Chimborazo yachana wasipipash kichwa shimika yachana tiyanmi. shinllatak, Revista Chakiñan nishkapipash kichwa shimipi killkaykuna tiyanmi. Maykan yachachikkunapish yachakukkunapish kichwa shimita yachanataka mununkunami, shinapish, tawka mana yachikkuna tiyashkamantaka waklli wakllillami puririn.
Ishkay yachayñanpika kamukunata ñawirishpami hamutarkanchik. Nishun, yachayñan hermenéutico nishkata hapishpami taripaykunata rurarkanchik. Kamukunata ñawirishpa chimpapura rimanakuchirkanchik. Maykan killkakkunaka kichwa shimika allimi nishkakunami, shuktak killkakuna kichwa shimika yankallami nishkakunami. Shinapish ñukanchik killkaypika kichwa shimi yachayka allimi nishkanchikmi, achkata taripashpami kantina kanchik ninchikmi.
Kay taripaykunapika maykan yachana wasikuntak kichwa shimitaka ñawpakman aparka, maykan ayllukunatak killkarka, ima watakunatak kichwa shimika yachana wasikunaman yaykurirka, imashinatak yachana wasikunapi kichwa shimika kawsakun nishpami taripashpa killakanchik.
Tawka hatun yachana wasikunami kichwa shimita chaskishpa charikunkuna, kunanka imashinachariy kawsanka, pichariy kamakkanka ama kichwa shimita, kutin, yachana wasikunamanta llukshichispa kachachun.
RIKUSHKA CHIMPAPURANAKUY
KICHWA AMAWTA KAMACHIKPI
Sumak Yachaywasikunapi imalla paktachishkakunatami kaypika rikuchinchik. Daniel Mato mashipakka (2015) mayhanpash Sumak Yachaywasikunaka imapak wiñarishkapak shinallatak europeokuna yuyashkakunawan llamkankuna, afro mashikuna shinallatak runallaktakunapak mañashkakunamanka mana kutichinchu.
Shinallatak, Universidad Pontificia Católica del Ecuadorka 1978 watapi, runapak kawsay purata, taripana ukutami wiñachirka. Ishki Shimi Kawsaypurapak kallari pushak Luis Montaluisa mashimi kay hatunyachayta chaskirka shinallatak runakunapak allichishka yachaypi yacharka. Kullkita kushpa yachana ukupimi chayka tukushka mana tukuykuna yaykuna kamay ukupika.
Montaluisa (2019) mashita tupashpa rimachishpaka nirka, PUCEpika kichwa shimitami yachak kanchik, ashtawantakka payka yuyarinmi mamallaktata pushak kamak Jaime Roldós Aguilera tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rimarichunmi kichwapi killkashpa kuk kashka. Ashtawanpash, asirishpa rikuchinmi, tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rimanataka mana killkashkachu karka mamallaktata pushak munashka shina, paktaykuna shinallatak wankurikuna imashina kanamanta yuyaykunawan, “shimitatikrachik” munashka shinami killkashka karka, Luis Montaluisa killka “Kichwapak kawsaymanta” kamupika nikun:
. (Montaluisa, 2019, p. 115)1970 watamanta pachami Universidad Católica del Ecuadorpak Rimay shinallatak shimikunata yachay kamay wasipika kichwata yachachishpa kallarirka. Shinapash hillaykuna shinallatak yachahinapak killkakunapash illak chayarka. Dra. Consuelo Yánez shinallatak Lcdo. Fausto Jara mashikunami kayshuk runakunawan wankurishpa uyayrikukkunata rurashpa kallarirkakuna. Kichwa killkakunata allichishpa kallarishpaka mana ñawpa killkakuna shinallatak shimiyuk kamukuna shinachu karka. Kay killkakunaka Americanistakunapak III hatun tantanakuy La Paz - Bolivia, 1954 watapi wiñachishka Alfabeto Fonético Internacionaltami katikurka
Kayta yuyaypi charina kanchik, 1954 watapak killkallikaka mana killkanata yachakkuna killkachunmi shina churashka karka. Shinami kichwa shimitaka mana killkanata yachakkunapak chay killkallikakunata hapishpa killkana karka (Montaluisa, 2019). Chashnallatak, kaypika rimanami kanchik PUCE yachana wasipikaka runa shimitaka mana yacharkallachu shinallatak yachaypak taripayllatachu rurarka, kaypika kikin runa wamprakunallatakmi yachaypak taripaypi wankurirkakuna, chayshinami mana ushaykunata anchuchishpa shimiyachaytaka paykunallatak mirachi kallarirka.
Pio Yautubg mashika, kay yachay hawa tuapukpika kashnami nin: “
” (Comunicación personal, diciembre 2023).PUCE hatun yachana wasipika runakunapakka, allimi yachana tiyarka, lingüística nishka yachaymi tiyarka. Imashina killkanamanta, kichwa shimita yachachinamantami pankakunata rurarkanchik. Conzuelo Yánez yachachiktapish, mama yachachik ninmikarkanchik. Chaypimi yacharkakuna mashi Luis Montaluisa shinallatak Luis Macas
Yuyaypi charina kanchik, kay paktaymantaka mana kallari ishkay shimi kawsaypurapak yachachikkuna, markakunapak pushakkuna shinallatak mamallaktapak pushakkunallachu llukshirka, ashtawanpash runa wankurita pushakkunapash llukshirkakuna, 1990 watapi kallari runa hatun hatarita rurakkuna; chaypimi rikunchik, Luis Macas mashimi PUCEmanta llukshishka kan.
Chayshinallatakmi Universidad Estatal de Cuenca -kay killkata rurak Sumak yachayta shinallatak katik hatun yachayta yachak- Lingüística Andina Intercultural Bilingüe (LAIB) yachay uku wiñarichun tankarka, kipaka Kawsaypura Yachaykunamanta yachay uku shutiwan sakirirka; ishki yachay ukukunami Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educaciónpi kimirishka karka. Kay yachay ukumanta Universidad de Cuencapika, Ishkay Shimi kawsaypurapi Yachay Amawta shinallatak Kawsaypurapak llankaypakpish Sumakyachay Hatunamawta yachashkakunata llukchirka.
Kasikayta mashkashpa (PUSEIB-PAZ) Ishki Shimi Kawsaypuramanta sumak yachay paktaykunaka ari nishka shinallatak paktachishkami karka Mamallaktapi Ishki Shimi Kawsaypurawan, Consejo de Desarrollo de la Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador (CODEMPE) nishkawan, Cooperación Técnica Alema (GTZ)wan shinallatak Universidad de Cuencawanpash, yachachikkunapak, yachay pushay ukupi llankakkunapak shinallatak Ishki Shimi Kawsaypurapi llankakkunapakpash.
Kayshina arininakushkakunawanka makipura paktachikushkatami rikuchirka, shina DINEIBka Universidad de Cuencapi yachakukkunataka killanta kullki hapinawan kay paktaypi llankachun churarka (arininakushka killka, 2003). Kay paktaykunaka rurarinmi -arininakushka killkata katishpa paktachishka kan- chaymanta yupashpa rikukpika yachanawasikunapi allillankak yachachikkuna shinallatak Ishki Shimi kawsaypuraman wankurishka chawpiyachaywasikunapi tukuchishkakuna sumak yachaywasikunaman yaykuy tukushka rikurin, paykunaka tawka shina yachaykunatami yachachik kanapak yachaykunata katishka.
Roberto Guaman mashika Universidad de Cuenca hatun yachana wasipi yachakka kashnami nin: “Universidad de Cuenca, DINEIB shinallatak GTZ nishkakunaka tawka runakunata kullkiwan yanaparkakuna, kichwa shimita ashtawan yacharinkapak. Kaypi yachakkuna, paykunpak markakunaman tikrashpaka taripashpami katirkakuna, shinapish maykankunaka imata mana rurashkakunachu, kichwa shimi hawaka” (Exalumno Lingüística Andina, Universidad de Cuenca, comunicación personal, enero 2024).
Kayshina paktachishkakunawan, kay paktaykunapi kichwa taripaykunamanta rikuchinkapak, kunan rimakushkapi sakirinchik. Hatunamawtay yachay llamkayñanpi I shinallatak II runa shimimanta yachay rikurin; kayshukpika I shinallatak II mishu shimipi. Chashnallatak licenciatura yachay llamkayñanpi I shinallatak II kichwa yachay tiyan, chayshinallatak Kichwa shimiyachay, (LAEB) kallari paktaypi yachashka runakunami chaytaka yachachinkuna mana kashpaka ñahaman willashka paktaykunapi Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador yachanapi yachashkakuna markapi yachay ukupi llankakkuna. Shinallatak, Michael A. Uzendoski & Carlos Alvarado Narváez (2022) killkakkunapash, kichwa shimita taripana, rimanaka mana castellano shinachu kan ninkunami. Chaymanta mana mishu shimipi yuyarishpa kichwa shimipi killkanachu ninkunami.
Kay ruraykunaka runakuna yachachiypak, kawsaywallpakpak, taripaypak shinallatak shimiyachaypak ashawan yachachun munaytami charirka (Hernández, 2016). Kashkata nishpaka, yachaykunapak kichwapi taripaykunataka mana rurashkakunachu; shinapash, tawkakunami chikan chikan rimaykunamanta, kallushimimanta, kichwapi, shuwarpi killkanamantaka taripashkakuna.
Kay paktaypika shuk yuyayka karkami yachachichun yachachina; nishun, kay paktaykunapi shimimanta alli yachashpa llukshikkuna paykunapak markakunapi shimiyachayta rurachina shinallatak mirachina karkakuna, rikuchinkapak, yachay wiñarikunapi yachachishpa, yachachikkunapak kamayman yaykunapak tapuy ruraykunapi wankurishpa, kamukunata shinallatak killkakunata shimi tikrachita rurashpa, yachaykunata rurashpa shinallatak ishki shimita yachashka mana yachashkata rikushpa.
Kayshinaka, mana kay paktaykunapi yachashkakunallachu kayshina amawta yachayta hapishpa llukshirkakuna, ashtawanka shimiyachaytaka shimikunamanta, killkallikamanta, rimaymanta, kawsay shimiyachay shinallatak uyarik yachaymanta allitak yachak amawtakunawanmi tapurishka karka. Sergio Hernández (2016) yachakka kaytami nin:
. (p. 170)Kayshukkunatapash yalli LAEB shinallatak PLEIBka, Universidad de Cuencamanta kawsaypura yachay paktayta sinchita llankashpa rurashpatak rikuchishkakuna, shinami PLEIBka, chikan chikan llaktakunamanta kayshukkunatapash yalli achka yachakkunatami charishka, yachaykunapakka Técnico Pedagógico yachaywasikunami kashka
May sumak rurashkata rikuchi tukunchikmi achkakunawan shinallatak unay pachakunata llamkashpa; kayka nisha ninmi, wawan wawankunata yachachishka, 1987 watamanta 2015 watakama, Ecuadorpak tawka runa ayllusuyu shinallatak suyukawsay llaktakunawan, shinapash ashallaka, ishkay shimi kawsaypurapi llankakkuna mishu yachachikkunapash yachashkakuna.
ayshuk sumak llamkay paktaykunata rurakkunaka kashkami Ecuadorpak Antropología de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) nishkamanta, Runa Kaypi hamunchashka taripak hatunamawtay Runapak Kawsaywankuriymanta yachay, sumakyachayta tukuchishka runakunapak kashka, kimsa sinchi kamakuywan kay yachaykunamanka yaykuchishka: yachay paktaykuna, imallatak kawsaypi paktachishkakunata charin shinallatak chimpapura rimanakuywan.
FLACSO yachana wasipi, shuk yachakka kashnami ni: “Ñukanchika mana kichwa shimita, kichwa shimimanta yacharkanichu, ashtawankarin imanshina taripanamanta, kamukunamanta killkanamantami yacharkanchik. Kunan pachapika maykankunaka amawtaymi tukushkakuna, alli killkakmi, allí ñawirikmi tukushkakuna” (Anónimo, exalumno de la FLACSO, comunicación personal, noviembre 2024).
Fernando García (2008) watapi hatunamawtay yachaymanta rurashkata willay mana kashpaka llamkaywillaypi nishka shinaka, paymi chay pachakunaka chay paktayta pushakushka, 1999 watapi hatunamawtay yachayka kallarishka. García (2008) ninmi, 54 yachayrikuchikwan shuk watapi hamunchashka yachaypak karka shinallatak kipami hatunamawtay yachaypak tiyarka.
Shuk kutinwan, kay killkata rurak shuk mashi, chay watakunapi yachakushpa pay rikushkakunata killkashka killka rikurin. Kashkata nishpa, Ecuadorpak chikan chikan suyukawsaymanta runakunapakmi kay yachaykunaka karka shinapash Apya Yalamanta runa alliyachakkunapakpashmi karka. “Abya-Yalamanta 50 alliyachak runakunata yachaywan sinchiyachinkapakmi kay paktayka wiñarishka karka, pushaykunapi, llamkay yuyaykunapi shinallatak llamkay ukupi tiyarichunkuna, kikin kawsaywan, kullkikamay yuyaywan shinallatak apuktukuy yuyaywanpash” (García, 2008, p. 1).
Kay paktayka Cooperación Técnica Belga shinalltak Fondo Indígena para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y el Caribepak yanapaywan rurashka karka. Kaypi, kay hawa ashawan achikyachinkapak, Fernando García ninmi (FLACSO) kamayuku shinallatak kay paktayka ashtawanka mishu rimaywan llamkan. Runa kawsaypak yachaykunawan shinallatak runakawsay yachaymanta ñawiri tiyarka shinapash shuk kutinllapash kichwamanta yachaytaka mana kurkakunachu mana kashpaka kayshuk runa shimikunamanta yachaykunaka mana tiyarkachu.
Kichwa yachayta yachachinkapakka mana tiyarkallapishchu. Kayshina willaykunawanka rikuy tukunchik imashinami karullakta paktaykunapakka mana yuyankunallapishchu, ñawirinkapak akllashka killkakunapipash, kichwaka yuyaypi mana churashkachu karka.
Kullkita kushpa yachana sumak yachaywasikunapi shinallatak tukuykuna yaykuna yachaywasikunapipash, kay paktay kayshuk paktaykunapash harkachikunawan shinallatak rimarishkakunawanpash, achkatakmi tukuykuna rikuyta kawsaywallpakpi, kullkiyaykunapi, kawsaysinchiyariypi shinallatak kapakyaypika runakunata yanapashka, chaymantatakmi chay yachayta tukuchik tawka kari warmikunami kunanka kapakyay ukupi, yachayukupi, allita purichishpa wankuriy ukupi kankuna.
Ashtawanpash kayshina yachaywanka yachaywichiyayta charishkakuna shinallatak kayshuk saruk kawsaywallpakkuna imashina yuyashkakunatapash riksichayashkakunami. Kaykuna shinallatak kayshuk yachay kawsaykunapash mana killkanata yachakkunapash killkana yachaypak yanapaymi kashka; kay llamkaypi, kullki mirayllapi yuyaykkunapash kayshina paktaypakka allichishkakunami runakuna kikinyariyta sinchiyachichun kikin kawsayta mana sakishpa mushuk muskuykunata kutintak hatarichichun (Muratorio, 1982).
Karullakta kamaykunallatak, ashtawanka “wawchiyaywan” llamkakkunami kashka, nishun Banco Mundial (BM), Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) mana kullkikunallawanchu yanapashka ashtawanpash wan shinallatak pi yachay kapakyaykunapak ñankunata rurashpa yanapashka.
Mana tukuytatak willashpa, kayllatapash, tapuykunata kutichinchik, -chaypak katika Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopi runa yachaykunamanta rurashkakunata rikunkapak- BM shinallatak BID jishkami imatatak mashkan yachay kapakyaykunapi, Ishki Shimi Kawsaypura Yachaykunapi shinallatak runa shimi yachaykunapi wankurishpaka.
Fernando Garcés (2009), kay karullakta kamaykunapak yuyaykunaka kullkiyayllapi yuyakkunamanta wiñaykawsaymanta ama chikanyachishka katichunmi runakunataka kimichishpa shina rurankuna; chaymanta, tziknishka kawsaymanta llukshinata mashkan (nisha ninchik, ama chikanychishka katichun) tukuykunapak kawsayman tantachik shina.
Ashtawan ukuman rikushpa rimashpaka, niyta ushanchikmi kay karullakta kamaykunaka “tukuypimi paykunaka kashna nin ushayta ama chinkachishpa wiñayta katinkapak; kay pachakunapi ushayta ama chinkachinkapak kayman chayman puchka watarishka shinami kankuna mana kashpaka paykunapak kimsa ushaykunata shukpi tantachishkakuna kankuna” (Negri & Hardt, 2000, p. 289).
KICHWA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO HATUN YACHANA WASIPI
Kay shutiwan yachay “Sumak Yachay wasipi kawsaypurata imashina wiñachinamanta”, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH) yachana wasipi chikan chikan yachaykunata yachachikkunapak rurashka yachay. shinallatak Educación Continua ukumanta allichishka yachayta, tukuy yachachikkunata pushakkunaka shimikunamanta taripana ukupi kichwata yachaykunapi shinallatak taripanakunapi tiyachunmi churarka shinallatak chaytaka ishkay shimi yachaytaripana shutiwan churarka.
Kawsaypura shimikunamanta taripana ukuta wiñachina minishtika tawkapura shinallatak chimpapura rimanakuykunamanta wiñarirka kawsashkakunata rikushpa shinallatak yachachinapak taripankapakpash paktalla yachaykuna tiyashkamanta chashnallatak pakchiyachaypi ñawirishkakunamanta shunku yuyaykunata hapishpa.
Rikuchinkapak, hampikpak yachana ukumanta yachachikkunaka nirkakunami kichwata rimakkunawan llankakkuna kanchik. Chaskina pachapi, rikuna pachapi, imashina hampirina pachapi sinchi kan 99% kichwata rimakkuna kashkamanta. Rimashpa mana kutichiy tiyanchu, ashtawanka yuyakkunawan, chaymanta achkatak kichwata yachana mutsurinchik, sumak yachaywasipi yachachikkuna shina ninkuna.
Kaypika willakunmi Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopak (UNACH) rurashka sinchiyachik yachaykunapi llamkaywankurikuna rimarishkakuna, 2017 watapak kusku killa; kay killkata rurakuk shuk mashimi chay pakchiyachaytaka pusharka. Ni tukunchikmi tukuy runa shimikunami llakichishka kashka kayshukkuna mana uyanachishkamanta shinallatak kay kamupak killkakunapi rikuchishka shinaka mamakamachikpi kachashka hawa kamay wasikunapi washaman sakishkamanta.
UNACH yachana wasipak chikan chikan yachay patakunapika kichwamanta yachaykunata rurashpa katimun, yachaykunawan, pakchayachaykunawan, yachaykunapi killkachishpa shinallatak taripaykunapak killkakunata rurachishpa:
Kichwamanta kallari yachaykunataka tawka kutin rurarishka mana yachachikkunapak, yachakukkunapak, UNACH yachana wasipi llankakkunapaklla, ashtawanka tukuy munakkunapakpash tiyashka. Chashnapash, ashakunallami chayarkakuna, achkatak willachishka hawa, chaywanka ni tukunchikmi mashikunaka ashalla minishtishkatami rikuchin; yuyanchik, willachishka mana pakta karka; kullkichari kay yachaypakka mana paktarka.
Kawsaypura yachay Pedagogía hatunamawtay yachayman yaykunkapakka, kichwata shinallatak ingléstapash pakchayachay washa yachashkata rikuchina kan. Kaytapash willana kani hatunamawtaypak yachay rurashkataka kichwapimi Consejo de Educación Superior (CES)man riksichirkani; pikuna, “alli ñawiwan” rikurkakuna pakchiyachayta rurana Hatunamawtay yachayta rurasha nikkunapak. Kunankamaka, ishki wiñaypatapi 59 yachakkunami sumakyachay washa yachashpa katikkuna tiyashka. Jenny Granizo, Hatunamawtay yachayta pushak nishka shinaka, shuk niki wiñaypatapika 29 yachakkunami tiyarka; ishki nikipika 30 yachakukkuna.
Chakiñan Kamullaka amawta taripay killkakunata willachikmi kan -Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopak, Ciencias de la Educación, Humanas y Tecnologías yachay ukupi 2016 watapi wiñarishka- sapan sukta killapi, mana sakirishpa washan washan willashpa katin. Kay Kamullaka amawta taripakkuna alli nishkami kan, (peer-review) kanllamanta yachayukkuna rikuchishka, (doble-blind review) mana riksishkakunata rikuchishka, American Psychologican Asciation (APA) kachashkakunata alli katishpa.
Chaki Ñan, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (ISSN-e 2550-6722) Kamullaka chaskin shinallatak killkapankakunapi uchillayachishka yuyayta kichwapi, ingléspi, mishurimaypipash willan. Ashtawanka, kichwapi killkashkakunata wakin amawta taripaykunapak killkakunataka ñami willashpa katishka.
Kayshina, kichwa llaktakunapak shimika, wiñaypachamanta sumakyachaypi pakashka kashka washa, ushichin mana kashpaka yaykuchin sumakyachaykunapak mana kashpaka amawta taripakkunapak killkakuna shina.
Tawka tapuytami rurarkanchi, imatak nisha nin kay Revista Chakiñan, imamantak kichwa shutita apan, shinapash willakkuna kashnami ninkuna. Chakiñanka mana wawa ñankunallachu, ashtawanka mashikunapurapi tinkirishpa willanakuymi kan, amawta yuyayta charin, mashikunapurapi tinkirishpa awarik nisha ninmi.
Kamullapak shutitaka, imata mana nishpa, UNACHpak Consejo Estudiantilpi allimi nirkakunalla. Kay shutita hapishkanchik kawsay markata shinallatak mamallaktata alli nishpa, kaypi kawsakkunapak shuti kashkamantapash. Ñukapakka mana allichu kanman karka Kamullapak shutita ingléspi churana. Kunankamaka kimsa amawta taripaykunapak killkakunata churashkanchik, shinapash mana tawka amawta taripaykunapak killkakunachu tiyan.
Shuk shimi kawsaypi sapiyarinata mashkashpaka chikan chikan ñankunapi paktashpa katina kan chaypimi shuk ñanka amawtay yuyayta charina kan. Ashtawan, yuyarimi amawta taripaykunapak killkakunata ñawirishpa shinallatak kamakuyta rurankapak wakin harkaykuna tiyashkata chaymanta iñinmi kichwa killkaka manarak shuklla shina killkanchik shinallatak kay llakita allichinkapakka sumak yachaywasipi kichwakunapak amawta yuyay yachayta wiñachina allimi kanka. Imamantatak mana kichwa Kamullata ruranchik, chashnapash sumak yachaywasipika kichwakuna mishukuna shina mana achkakunachu tiyan. Shinaka, amawta taripaykunapak kichwa killkakunata mana achka chaskikrikta yachanchikmi. Kawsaywallpakmanta yachaykunata wiñachina mutsurinchik kichwamanta alli yachashkakuna ashawan tiyachun.
Educación, Humanas y Tecnologíaspak Educación Parvularia e Inicial yachayka kichwata yachachinkapak killka ukupi ñami kimsa patayachaypak charin (shuk niki, ishkay niki shinallatak kimsa niki shuktakilla yachay). Shinapish, Kuymi Tambaco & Simeon Floyd (2022), amawtakunaka, kashnami ninkuna: kichwa shimita yachachinaka, maykan Abya Yalapi kawsak runakunapak shimikutapash yachachinapakka mana mandarín, inglés shimikunata yachachikshinachu yachachina. Shuktak paktachikuna, shuktak pukllaykuna, shuktak imakunatami mutsurinchik. Chaymantami, kichwa shimita yachachinkapakka kichwa runakunpak kawsaymanta yuyayllamantatak hapishpa yachachina kanchik, ashtawankarin, kipa wiñak wanrakuna, karikashpa warmikashpa.
Kay kamuka, ashaka, kay mañayta kutichinkapakmi rurashka kan. Mushukyachina yuyaywanka mañanchikmanmi kayshuk yachaykunapi shinallatak yachana kamaykunapipash kichwata churachun, shinallatak kichwa shimi sumak yachayta tukuchinkapak shinallatak chaypak washa hatunyachaypipash yachankapak tiyachun, imashinami Méxicopak wakin sumak yachaywasikunapi churashkakuna, chashnapash kayta paktachinkapakka wakin llakichik yuyaykunatarakmi pakishpa anchuchina kanka, llamkay ukupak kamachikta shinallatak tantariy kamachiktapash mushukyachina kanka, ashtawanka, sumak yachaywasipi tiyak mashikunapak yuyaykunapimi mushukyachina mutsurinka.
Chashnaka, sumak yachaywasikunaka kanllamanta runakunata chikan chikan kawsaykunata llakichik yuyaykunata pakinmanmi shinallatak shimikunata chikanyachishpa kawsaywallpayta mana allikachikkunataka urmachinmanmi (Fuller, 2002).
Ashtawanpash, ñukanchikpa mamallaktamanta sumakyachay wasikunaka yachakukkunapak, mushuk “kawsaypura yachayllamkayta” wiñachina yuyayta charinami kankuna, paykunami minchakunapika chikan chikan wiñaykawsay shimikunata.
shinallatak kawsaywallpakta chimpapurachishpa shinallatak tikrachishpa kankakuna -ñukanchikpa mamallaktapak paktakay llamkaykunapi shimitikrachik tukushpa, mamayachakkunawan shinallatak tukuykunapak allikay llamkaykunawan chimpapurachiypi, runa ayllullaktakunapi yachachikkuna tukushpa, llakta wiñariypi wankurishpa- chay tukuypi, kayshina sinchi shinallatak sami kawsaykunata minchakunapi chimpapura rimaykuna tiyachun yachachikkunata yachachina munaywan (Dietz & Álvarez, 2014).
Gunther Dietzwan shinallatak Aurora Álvarezwan (2014) ishkantikkunaka Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (UVI) yachana wasipak llamkaykunata katishpa kawsaypurata wiñachinkapakka “runa wiñachishka shimikunawan” kallarina kan nin, -Ecuador, Chimborazoka chikan chikan runallaktakunapi sami kawsayshimikunatami charin-, ñawpa ishkay shimi nishka runakunatapash yallimi sapikawsaykunata charin shinallatak ima tiyashkawan mana chimpapurashpallachu sakirin, ashtawanpash sayay shimikunawan shinallatak sami kawsaywallpakwan chimpapurachishpa rimachiyta ushan.
Kay runa wiñachishka shimikunapak yuyaykunataka UVIpak yachay paktaytapi tukuyta “shimi tawkayachinata” mana mashkakunchu -ñukanchikka Universidad Nacional de Chimborazomanta rimakunchik- shinallatak, ashtawanka alli rimanakuykunapi sinchiyachinatami mashkan shinallatak yachakukkunapak, yachachikkunapakpash punllanta llamkaypi “shimitikrachi” tiyachun.
Kay rimanakuykunamanta shinallatak yuyaychuraykunamanta karupi mana kashpaka kuchupi, kashkata nishpaka kichwa shimi mana kashpaka mayhan runa shimikunapash ñakakun, sinchita chimpapurakun shinallatak kawsaypurakun, chaytaka kati iñupi willanchik. Wakinpika, kichwaka utkash rimana shimimi kan -sumakyachaykunapi- “illakmanta kaypikayman tikrachina” yuyaywan (De Sousa, 2008, p. 91).
SHIMIYACHAYPAK KAWSAYLLAPIK
Ñawpakawsaymanta pacha, kichwaka manyayachishkami kashka, kikin llaktallapi shinallatak runakunalla rimashka; shinapash rimak tukushpaka sarunkapak shinallatak chikan chikan llamkaykunapi, kuskakunapi imata rikurayankapakllami kashka, nishpalla, católico kamaykuna chashna kan. Allpayuk amukuna mana kashpaka chay llaktapak apukunaka kichwata rimakkuna kashkami tukuytatak riksichayana munaywan; shina, uray runakuna pakalla rimarishkakunata hamutankapak, kaykunaka, pakalla rimanakuykuna kakpipash tukuykunaman uyarinllatakmi (Scott, 2007).
Kayshina yuyaykunaka tukuy pachapi kawsay mushukyarimukushkamantami shamun. Kayshina mushukyarika shamunmi Europa llakta tukuy allpapachapak wiñaykawsay shunku tukushkamanta, chaypika kamaykuna, llaktawakichikkuna, shimiyachaykuna, ñawpayachaykuna, amawtakuna, kayshukkunapash tiyan (Garcés, 2009). Kaykunamanta ashtawan achikyachinkapakka, Fernando Garcés nishkata hapin:
Shinallatak kayka Apya Yalapi atipay tiyashkamantami kallarin. Kaywanka ninchik, Españatami rikuchina kanchik mushukyachishpa kallarichishkata ashtawanpash shuk niki “mushukyari” mitatami kallarichirka: tukuy pachapi katuyrantiy. Kay mushukyarishka Europaka, tukuy allpapachapak wiñaykawsay shunku, tukuy kawsaywallpaktami shuk niki kutinpi manyaman churan, kanllaman shina. (Garcés, 2009, p. 9)
Kayshina manyayachishkamantaka runa shimikunapash mana kanllaman sakirinchu shinallatakmi chikanyachishpa churashkakuna runa shimikunata yankanchinkapak tzikninkapakpash. Kaypimi shimiyachaypak tzikninamanta “llumpa yawar” rimaykuna kawsayllapik shinami kayka purin runallaktakunata wañuchinaywan llakihishpa.
“Llumpa yawar” manta rimay Península Ibéricapi XV tukuri watakunapi ñami tiyarka. Kayshina rimaykunaka colon pachakunapi católico kamaykunamanta musulmankunapak, judíokunapakpish kawsayllapikmi karka, Península Ibéricapi musulmankunapak kapak ushayta wakllichina yuyaywan.
Kay runallaktakunaka apunchikta katikkunapak pushakkunapakka mana runashinachu karka, apunchik kamayta mana charishkamanta; chaymanta, kay runallaktakunapak shimikunaka mana runashimi shinachu karka.
Mana runashimi nishkachu karka, mana kawsak nishkakunapak shimi mana kashpaka mana runakunachu kanka nishkakunapak shimi. Runakunaka runakawsaymanta wiwakawsayman karkushkami karka, chayshinallatakmi shimikunapash llakita aparka. Wiwakawsaypimi kichwa shimika kawsaypurarka.
Kay yuyachikunawanka, ninami kanchik, Colón mashi Atlántico hatun kuchata tawka killakunata wampushpa shamushpaka kallaripi paypak killkana kamupika killkashkallami indiapak llaktakunami yuyashpa. “Yuyarishun Colon India llaktaman chayamushkata krishpa wañurka” (Grosfoguel, 2012, p. 89).
. (Grosfoguel, 2012, p. 89)Paykunaka tukuykunami mama wachashka shina lluchulla purinkuna… Shinallatak ñukaka krirkani, krinipash watashpa pushanaman alli allpakunamantami shamunkuna. Paykunaka alli llankakkunami shinallatak allihamuktaykunami kanka, ñuka nishkakunata imatapash hawalla ninkuna. Shinallatak krinimi utkashpa krikkuna tukunka
Colón willashka killkaka, católica castellana pachakunapak apukunapakka may sumak willaymi rikurirka, paykunapak kamachik, Kamay, apunchik kamay, kikinyari, shimita churashpa pushayta kallarinkapak. Católico apukunami shukka karka. Rimaykuna shinallatak ruraykunaka patzak watakunami sakirishka, kayshina paktay kallarishkamanta pachaka ashataka shuktakyamushka shinallatak “allichirimushkami”.
Apya Yalamanta llaktawakichikkunawan, shimiyachaywan shinallatak apunchik kamaywan atipakpika tukuy runallakta tantarishkakunata runawañuchiyman apashka. Runakunata tukuytawañuchiy, tantarishka runawañuchiy, shimiwañuchiyka, apunchik kamayta mana charinkunachu Colón nishkamantami shina tukushka, mana runakuna llakta nishpa.
Runakuna, shimikunapash chinkachishka mana kashpaka pampashka kay tukurkallami, chaymanta chay pachapak apunchikpi iñikkunapak umapika karkami Pachakamakpak rikukuyta mana runakuna nishkakunataka wañuchina, saruna mana kashpaka yanakuna shina charina mana huchachu karka.
Coloniapi, kawsayllapik llamkarkami, kallaripika, apunchik kamaypak yuyaykunawan chikan chikan churashkamanta. Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás parlashkapi, nishunlla, runakunataka kayshina akllashpa churankuna: ñukanchik cristianokuna kankuna runa indiowan chimpapurachishpa, yanakuna, Méxicomanta runakuna, sachapi kawsak runakuna (Garcés, 2009).
Shinaka, Católico kamayta pushakkuna runakunata shinallatak shimikunata wañuchichunlla allimi nirkakuna. Chayka, shimita kawsayllapikka shuk pachapi, runakuna, llaktakunapash kallarichishka, shinallatak chay ñanka kunankama sapiyarishkami sakirishka, Antonio Negri y Michel Hardt (2000) nishka shina.
Negri shinallatak Hardt (2000) ninkunami, kapaktukukkuna, willachik antakuna shinallatak ñawpakawsaytaripakkunapash ninkuna kay mushuk watakunapika ñami kawsayllapikka ashallayashpa katishka: yanakunapak puchukay makanakuymanta coloniawan chimpapurashkakaman shinallatak tukuykunapak hayñikunamanta kaparikkunakaman.
Negri shinallatak Hardt (2000) mana nikunchu wakin kawsayllapikkuna mana urmarikunchu nishpa shinallatak ñukanchikpash rurana munayta charinchikman -wakin runakuna shinallatak kamaywasikuna kayshina yuyaypi ña urmashkakunallatak- Sudáfricapak runakunata karkuk kamachikkuna ñami chinkachiyta kallarishka mana kashpaka nishun ñami kaykamalla nirka runakunata karkuk kamachikkunata. Kawsayllapik runakunaka chinkarishkakunami shinapash kawsayllapikka katinlla shinallatak wiñaysapi tukushka.
Kay tukuyta rikushpaka ñukanchikka mana yankamanta niy tukunchikchu kawsayllapikka ñami tukurishka kan nishpa, chashnapash kichwa yachay sumak yachaywasikunapi churashka (yachaykuna) kapakyay (rimarishka) apunchik kamay (apunchikpa shimikunata shimitikrachi), kayshukkunapash tiyamushkami.
Kayshina kawsayllapik ña mana tiyanchu nishpa pakalla purikushpa mana kashpaka tukuykunaman riksichayachikushpapash shimiyachay kawsayllapikta mirachishpa katikushun. Negri y Hardt (2000) shimikunata allimanta rikushpaka kaytami ninchik, kay mushuk pachakunapika mana washaman rishkachu, ashtawanpash, kaymi tukushka, achka pachakunawan shinallatak achka yachaykunawan ñawpakmanmi purishka. Wakinpika paktaykunata llamkaykunata mushukyachishkamantalla ashallayashka rikurik shinami kan.
Kunanka, kawsayllapikka rikunalla mana rikunallapash ishkantik pakta purishpami katikun (shimiyachay, apunchik kamay, kapakyay, kamachik); chaymanta, “alli rikushpami katina kanchik imashina kawsayllapikpak hatun yuyaykunata riksinkapak ashtawan sinchimi tukumun” (Negri & Hardt 2000, p. 181).
Shimikunata rikuna, tukuykunata chaskina punkupi wakin rimaykuna; kapaktukukkuna tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rimaykuna mana nisha ninchu shimiyachay kawsayllapik ashallayashka. Kaykunataka hamuktay tukunchik ñukanchikllatakmi chayshina tukuchun sakikunchik, yaykurichun sakishpa mana kashpaka paykunaman ushayta kushpa.
Hatunllakichikkunaka ña mana harkachikunchu, shukpaklla churakun, ñawpakuna shina karkukun, ashtawanpash, chaskikunkuna, kawsayllapikka kunanka kuyaywan rikurin shinapash kawsayllapikllatakmi kan.
Shimiyachay kawsayllapik mana imata nikshina wakin llamkaykunapi muyukushpapash, nishunlla, wakin kayta ninkachari: “cristianopi rimay, mana hamutanichu” “kichwaka imapaktak kampakka alli kan mana kashpaka imapaktak ñukanchikpakka kichwaka alli kan” “kichwata yachanaka yankami kan, inglésta yachachun shiminchini”. Kayshinamanta kichwa shimika kaykaman rimayllawan katikun, yupashka wakin shimiyukkamukuna shinallatak rimaychaykuna, kayshuk killkashkakunapash tiyamushka ashtawanka apunchik kamaymanta; ashakunallami kichwa killkakunaka (Montaluisa, 2019).
Kaykunaka, ñawshalay layami kan, shimita shinallatak runakunatapash uchillayachishpa muyun, pitak krin charinata (rimay shinallatak killka) shuk mana kashpaka tawka saruk shimikuna (inglés, español, francés) shimikunata yachachinkapak llamkaypaktachiyta, hawaykawsayta, yachachiyta shinallatak runayachiyta charinkunaman.
Kay iñupi, ashtawanpash, kay tapuykunata tukuchikrinchik imatatak shimiyachay kawsayllapikka kan, imatatak shimiyachay kawsayllapikka awllin. Michel Foucault (1996); francés amawtapakka kaymi kan; shuk nikipika, shinami kan, kawsaypi imatatak ruranata yachashpa paypak atiypak hapirka, chikanyachina yuyayta yaykuchishpa, yacharin mayhantak kawsashpa katinka mayhantak wañuyman rinka, shimiyachaymanta rimakpika ninchikmanmi, mayhan shimika kawsanka shinallatak mayhanka wañunka.
Shina, shimikunaka shukkunaka hatun kayshukkuna uchillakuna nishka sakirin, shimipurapi chikanyay tiyan, shuk shimikunaka allikuna kayshukkunaka yankakuna nishka sakirin. Yuyayta tantachishpa, Foucault yachakpak (2013): yuyaykunata katishpaka, a) kawsayllapikka imashinami ukunkawsayta chinkayachinchik chayshinami kan; b) shuk niki paktayka chawpina, hankashpa churana shinallatak chikanyachina imashinami ukunkawsayta wiñaypak katichun hatun ushayta kukshina.
Shuktak manyamanta rikushpa, kawsayllapikpak awllika, ashtawanpash, alli rurakushka shina paktachishpa katichunlla yuyay: “Mashnata wañuchishpa, wañuchinki, wañuchun sakinki, ashtawan, chaymantatakmi kawsanki” (Foucault, 1996, p. 206).
“Kayshuk” shimipak wañuy, “millay” shimipak wañuy, yanka shimi wañuymi saruk shimikuna, “alli" nishka shimikuna, ashtawan chuya, ima mapawanpash mana chakrurishka. Shinapash kay nishka hawanpika, kawsay kamaypi uchillakuna tiyan. Kawsayllapikpi kawsayllapita chimpapurakkuna tiyan. Shinaka kaypak katika taripanchik imashina wiñaykwsaymanta tukuy shina kawsayllapikkunawan sinchiyaykuna tiyashka, shimikawsaypak sinchiyaymanta rimashpa.
TUKURIPIY CHURASHKA YUYAYKUNA
Kichwa shimika, ñawpa pachakunamanta achkatami rimashka, kamishkapish kashka mana alli shimi nishka, yanka shimi nishka, wakchakunapak shimi nishka; tukukuyla tukuyshina rimaypipasha killkaypipash. Llaktakunapi, marakunapi kichwa shimita rimakpika supaypak rimaypish nishkakunami. Chaymantami, kunan pachakunaka mana hawalla killnalla rimanallapish kashka. Kichwa shimitaka wañuchisha nishkakunami.
Shinapish, runakuna manatak kichwa shimitaka pampanchishkakunachu, mashnata kamikukpipash, mashnata rimakukpipash imalaya tukushpapish kawsachiskakunami. Wasipi pakalami rimashkakauna, kishpiripipash kichwa shimipimi rimashkakuna, makanakuypipash manatak kunkarishkakunachu. Maykan mishukunaka kichwa shimita rimakkunami kashka, nishun Luis Cordero, killkarka sumak arawita: Rinimi llakta nishkata (Ortiz, 2001). Kunanpachakunaka wakashpami arawinchik.
Kay pachakunapika kichwa shimika kawsarimuklayami kashka. Hatun yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasikunapi, chawpi yachana wasikunapi killkaykuna, rimakuna yachaykunpaish uyarimunmi. Hatun kamachikkunapi, uchilla kamachikkuna kichwa shimika alli nishkami ñawirin. Runakunapak tantanakuykunapi, yachana wasikunapi kichwa shimika shinchimi uyarimun. Kunan pachapika ña mana pinkaytukunchikchu ñaypa pacha shina. Shinapash achka yachanakuna taripanakuna wakllillami kan. Kichwapi amawtakunata mutsurinchikmi, chaypak hatun yachana wasikunami paktay taripaykunata churana kan.
Tukuchinkapak, hatun yachana wasishinami tiyana kan. Kamachikkuna nishkakunata paktachikunchu mana paktachikunchu. Kichwa shimita taripankapak kullkitapis kunami kan, kullki illakpika imashinatak taripaykuna rurarinka, killkaykuna rurarinka, chimpapura rimanakuy rurarinka. Pushakkuna, apukunami wankurinakanchik kichwa shimita sinchiyachinkapak. Kaypi killkakuna mañapanchikmi, kichwa shimi yachayta rimayta sinchiyachishunchik (García, 2008).
