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Revista Chakiñan de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades

versión On-line ISSN 2550-6722

Revista Chakiñan  no.17 Riobamba may./ago. 2022

https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.17.07 

Artículo de Investigación

KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH

INNOVACIÓN DIDÁCTICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA, APRENDIZAJE DE LA LENGUA KICHWA DESDE EL ENFOQUE COMUNICATIVO

DIDACTIC INNOVATION IN TEACHING, LEARNING THE KICHWA LANGUAGE FROM THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH

1Universidad Nacional de Educación, Grupo de Investigación: Interculturalización, diversidad cultural y lingüística y formación de nuevas ciudadanías, Sublínea: Enseñanza aprendizaje de las lenguas originarias, metodologías, diseños curriculares y didácticos e innovadores para L1-L2, Cañar, Ecuador, email: jose.duchi@unae.edu.ec


SHUKLLAYUYAY

Ecuador Mamallaktapa ñawpa shimikunaka llakipimi kan, shimikunaka punchanta punchantami wakllirishpa rin, ayllukuna kichwa shimita paypak wawakunawan, ayllukunawan pinkaymanta mana rimashkamanta, taytakuna, wamrakuna mana rimanata munashkamanta, castellano shimi tukuy kuskakunapi, yachaykunapi, rimashka, killkashka kashkamanta kichwa shimika wakllirishpa tukurikun. Kichwa shimi kawsashpa katichunka, wawakuna, mutsu, kuytsakunami rimana kan, shinami kipa wiñaykuna kichwa shimita rimashpa katinkakuna; Kichwa shimi ñawpa rimay kakpipish, wamprakuna, wawakunaka ña mana rimanchu, castellano shimillatami rimankuna, shinami kay shimika mama shimi tukushka. Chaymantami kichwa shimitaka wawapachamanta alli yachachina kan. UNAE hatun yachana wasipika, runakawsayta, runashimita wiñachinkapak wasika mana tiyanchu, shinallata imata yachachinamanta, imashina yachachinamanta, ima hillaykunawan runa shimikunata yachachinkapakka mana tiyanchu. Chaymantami UNAE hatun yachaywasipi kichwa shimita yachachikkunaka imashina kichwa shimita yachaywasipi rimanakushpa alli yachachinamanta kimsa chunka shuklla shimita rimak yachakukkunawan mashkaywan taripashkata karanchik. Kichwa shimi yachakuyka rimaypi kurishpami rurarirka, ruraykunaka kikin kawsaypi yuyashpa yachakukkuna alli hamutachun. Rimayka yuyayta charinmi rurarikpi, shuk shimita yachachinaka rimanakunata yachachinami kan. Kay yachachiykunaka alli yachaytami shuktakyachin, yachakukkunaman yachayka aychayashka kachun.

YANAPAK SHIMIKUNA: Yachachina-yachakunapish; kichwa; alli rimanakuna

RESUMEN

La situación de las lenguas originarias en el Ecuador es desafortunada, por su desplazamiento acelerado, debido a la interrupción de la transferencia lingüística en las familias, desprestigio y falta de ámbitos de uso de la lengua, la actitud negativa, de padres y jóvenes, el centralismo de la lengua oficial en los diferentes espacios de la sociedad, incluyendo las tecnologías de la información, que constituyen agentes globalizadores de las culturas dominantes. A pesar de que el kichwa es una lengua patrimonial, se percibe que los niños y jóvenes han perdido su nivel de bilingüismo y emplean la lengua dominante, que se ha convertido en su lengua materna. Al momento, en la UNAE no existe una estructura institucional dedicada al tratamiento y estudio de las culturas y lenguas originarias, que determine unidad de contenidos, competencias, metodologías, recursos y medios. Al respecto, el presente estudio buscó exponer la base metodológica y curricular del enfoque comunicativo para la enseñanza de la lengua kichwa, desde los conocimientos propios de la cultura. La metodología de la investigación desarrollada se centra en la aplicación y validación de la secuencia didáctica, basada en la acción de docentes y dicentes, para desarrollar las capacidades y competencias comunicativas. La enseñanza-aprendizaje de la lengua oral se desarrolló en contextos comunicativos, dentro de actividades culturales significativas para 30 estudiantes monolingües del cuarto ciclo de la Carrera de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe de la UNAE. La comunicación, en tanto proceso, es un acto que solo adquiere sentido cuando se realiza, de modo que el enseñar una lengua es precisamente enseñar a comunicar. Estas acciones didácticas marcan situaciones de cambio positivo, innovando y mejorando la práctica docente y promoviendo un aprendizaje significativo en los estudiantes.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Enseñanza-aprendizaje; kichwa; competencias comunicativas

ABSTRACT

The situation of the original languages ​​in Ecuador is unfortunate, since the displacement of languages ​​is increasingly accelerated, due to factors such as the interruption of the linguistic transfer in families, discredit and lack of areas of use of the language, the Negative attitude of both parents and young people towards the appreciation of the language, the centrality of the official language in the different spaces of society, including information technologies, which constitute globalizing agents of the dominant cultures. In the community of Kichwa language speakers, despite this is a heritage language, it can be seen that children and young people have increasingly lost their level of bilingualism and use the dominant language as their communication language, which has become their mother tongue. At the moment, at UNAE there is no institutional structure dedicated to the treatment and study of native cultures and languages ​​that determines the unity of content, competencies, methodologies, resources and means. Considering the above, this study tried to find the methodological and curricular basis of the communicative approach for the teaching of the Kichwa language from the knowledge of the culture and it was carried out with 30 monolingual students. The methodology of this research focuses on the application and validation of the didactic sequence, based on the action of the teacher and the speaker to develop communication skills and competencies. Oral language teaching-learning took place in communicative contexts, within meaningful cultural activities for students. Communication, as a process, is an act that only acquires meaning when it is carried out, that is, when it is carried out, so that teaching a language is precisely teaching how to communicate. These didactic actions mark situations of positive change, innovating and improving teaching practice, promoting meaningful learning in students.

KEYWORDS: Teaching-learning; kichwa; communication skills

KALLARIYUYAY

Ecuador mamallaktapika tawka kawsaykunami tiyan, kay kawsay ukukunapika sumak yachaykunata, ruraykunatami charinchik, ashtawanpish chay yachay ruraykunami kawsaytaka sumakta shuktakyachin, pi kashkata, maymanta kashkatapishmi riksichin. Kay kawsaypa nipakunamanta rikushpaka rimay shimimi ashtawan achikyachishpa rikuchin, shimipika tukuy ñukanchikpa yachaykunata, ruraykunatami rikuchishpa rimanchik, killkanchikpish, kichwa shimi wañukpika runa kawsaypish paktami chinkanka.

Kay sinchiyachiykunataka, yachanawasikunapi, ayllu ukupi, ayllullaktapi, tantanakuykunapi, pushanawasikunapi, kitikunapipishmi rurashpa katina kanchik, shina tukuylla llamkashpami Runa kawsaytapish ishkay shimi yachaytapish pakta pakta sinchiyachishpa kawsashun.

Kay yachayka kichwa runakunapa yachayta, kawsaytapish sinchiyachinkapakmi ruranchik; shinallatak, ñukanchikpa yachachiy yachakuypash sumakta kawsarichunmi kan. Shina kay yachakuykunata sinchiyachishpallami Runa Kawsayta, yachayta, kawsaypuratapish ñawpaman llukchishun.

Tukuy Ecuador mama llaktapi, kichwa shimika, mana killkarishkamanta, llakichishka wakllichishkami kana kashka; kutin wakinpika kichwa shimita killkash shukkllayachishkapish pitilla yuyaymanmi apana kashka (Grzech 2017). Shinapish kay yuyayka, kunan punchakunapika shuktakyarishkami; ñapish, runakunamanka kichwa shimi shukniki shimi kana shinaka, ishkayniki shimimi tukushka.

Kay yachaywanka, chaskiy pakchikunatami ashtawan allichinata yuyanchik (uyana, killkakatina), kaykunawan yachakukkuna rimaypi shina, killkanapi shina ashtawan hamutachun. Shinallatak, rimana killkana pakchikunatapishmi allichinata yuyanchik, yachakukkuna yuyaykunata, killkay wallpayta wiñachichun.

Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las lenguas (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte 2002) kamupika, ishkay shimita (L2) yachakukka tawka yachaykunata paktaykunatapishmi rimanakunkapakka charina kan. Kay yachayñanka, imashina yachakuk chikan chikan llankaykunawan, yachaykunawanpish mushuk shimita yachakunkapakmi willapan. Kichwa shimika rimaypimi kawsan (Montaluisa 2019; chaymanta, Kichwa shimita yachakunkapak shuktakyachaykunata paktankapakka, yachachakukkunaka rimanakushpallami yachaywasi ukupi, kanchapipish chikan chikan hillaykunawan ashtawan alli kichwa shimita rimay ushankakuna.

Paktaykuna. UNAE ishkay shimi kawsaytapish yachakuk wamprakunaka kichwa shimita runakawsay yachaywanpish rimanakushpa yachakunatami purikachanka.

Ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachayta yachakuk wamprakuna, shukkunapash kichwa ishkay shimi (L2) yachashkata paktankapak, tupunkapakpish paktachina. “Rimaykachayka, shimita yachachinapakka may allimi kan, yachaykunawan, yuyaykunawan, hillaykunawan yachakukka shuk rimak runakunawan pakta pakta yachakunka” (Cantero 1998:72).

Ishkay niki shimita yachachina-yachakuna pachapika, rimaykachayka may allitami yanapan, shinapish yachakuk kashpa, kunan punchakuna yachachik kashpa mana rimaykachay yachachinataka allikachishkakunachu.

Ecuador Mama Llaktapipish imashina kichwa shimita ishkay shimi shina yachahinkapakka mana shuklla yachaykuna, yuyaykunapish tiyanchu; shinallatak kichwa runakunapak yachaykuna, yuyaykuna, kawsaytapish chinpapurashpa yachachina ñankunaka mana tiyanchu, chaymantami shimita alli yachachinkapak llankana kan Marco Común Europeopi nishka shina, runakunapa kawsaywan chinpapurashpapish. Shinami kay taripay-yachaywanka imashina kichwa shimita sumakta yachachina ñanta riksichinata munani.

TARIPAYÑAN

Kay shuktakyachayka yachachikpa llamkaypimi tiyan, paymi yachakukkunapak llamkayta shuktakyachinka, sumakyachinkapish, kayta paktankapakka yachakukpa wallpayachaywan, yuyaywanpishmi rimaykachayta paktanka. Shinami pushakka yachakuk kichwa shimipi rimashpa, rimanakushpapish yachakuchun, llamkachunpish yanapanka. Yachakukkunaka rimashpallami yachakunka, pantaykunaka mana llakichishkachu kan, ashtawankari alli yachakuypami yanapanka. Yachakukka uyashpa, rimashpa, kilkashpa killkakatishpa yachakushpapish, yachakuk wamprakunapa rimaypimi ashtawan sinchiyachina kan.

Kay taripayka kawsaypura yuyaypimi kimirin, maypimi pi kashkata rikuchin, shinallatak kayka kikin shimita mustsushpa, rimashpallami alli kana kan, kay yuyaykunaka ishkay shimita, tawka shimita rimashpallami paktachishka kanka (Ramírez 2001). Kay pachakunapika, runa shimika kikin kawsayta mashkashpami shuktak shikikunawan chimpapurashpa llakikunata charin.

Kay yachachiy taripayta rurankapaka (investigación acción participativa IAP) taripay ñanpimi kimirishkanchik; kay taripay ñamka yanapashkami yachay ukukunapi ima tukukta, imashinami yachayta pusharin, ima yachaykunatami kararin, ashtawankari imashina chikan chikan patay milkakunata yachachirikta (Fals 1999). Kay taripay ñanka allitatakmi yanapan yachay ukukunapi yachachiykunata taripashpa, yachayta ashtawan sinchiyachinkapa, killkankapapish tukuykunaman yachaykunata sinchiyachichun yachachinkapak killkaykunawan.

Kay taripayka tukuy kuskakunapi imashina yachayta kallarishkamanta pachami yachaykunata hapishka kan, shina, yachachikmi kallariypika shuk yachayñanta rurapan, chaypa washaka, chay yachayñantami yachakukkunaman riksichin arininakunkapak, chaypa washaka ña yachayta ruraparin yachachikka yachachishpa, yachakukkunaka yachakushpa waykalla minkarinakushpa sumakta yachaypa pushawarin.

Kay hillaykunawanmi taripashka kan: shuk nikipika rikuywan, imashinami wamprakuna yachaypi kurinkuna, imashinami kichwa rimayta hapinkuna; shinallatak, yachakuy pachapi yachayta kamashpa; yachakuy llamkaykunata, wasiruraykunata kamashpa; ashtawanka paykunawan rimanakushpa, imashinami kichwa yachayta hamutakunkuna; tapuykunata killkachishpa. Kamayka rurarishkami kimsa pachapi, shuknikipika yachakuy allichiypi, ishkaynikipika, yachakuypi, kimsanikipika tukuriy llamkaywan, puchukaypika tukuriy llamkayta rikuchishka kipa.

TARIPAYKUNA RIMANAKUYKUNAPISH

Kichwa shimika shuktak karullaktamanta (indoeuropeo) shimikuna shinallatakmi kapan. Shinapish kunan punchakunapika mana kawsaywan pakta paktachu ñawpaman rishka, yuyaykunata, yachaykunata riksichinkapak. Shinapish Mexico, Perú, Ecuador mamallaktakunapika kikin shimikunatak wiñachinkapak, sinchiyachinkapakka sumak llankaykunami rurarishka; shinami charinchik “

Programa de Formación de Maestros Bilingües de la Amazonia Peruana FORMABIAP, creada en 1988”. “El Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca CRIC reintrodujo el uso activo de las lenguas indígenas de su territorio en sus actividades sociales y política

s” (López 2015:267).

“(…) ishkay chunka patsakri chawpimanta ishkay chunka shuk patsakri kallari watakunakamanmi ishkay chunka sukta Ecuador kichwa shimimanta killkashka kamukuna tiyan” (Potosí 2005:131). Chay watakunamanta kunan punchakunakamanka shimiyuk kamukuna, shimi kamachik kamukunallami killkarishka. Chaymantachari kichwata rimak runakunaka ashtawa ashallakuna kan; chaymantami kichwa shimipika mana sumak hatun yuyaykuna wiñarishka. Shinami (López 2017:19) nin “runaka pay kashkataka rimaywanmi riksiytukun, kipamanmi shuktak yachaykunataka hamutan, shinallatak shuktakkunaman imashinakaytak wiñachin, rikuchinpish, shinami rimayka yuyayta, yachaytapish wiñachin sinchiyachinpish”.

Art. 13 del LOES, literal L, ninmi “

Runakunapa, llaktakunapa shimita, kawsayta, yachayta wiñachina, sinchiyachinami kan

” (LOES 2018:12). Universidad Nacional de Educación yachana wasika chunka pusak runa kawsay llaktakuna, chunka chusku hatun kawsay markakunapak mañayta paktachishpami ishkayshimi kawsaypura yachayta wiñachinkapak yachachikkunata yachachishpa shamun. Shinami UNAE sumak yachaywasika ishkay waranka chunka sukta watamanta shukniki, ishkayniki, kimsaniki, chuskuniki patakunapi yachakuk wamprakunaman kichwa shimita yachachishpa kallarin.

Universidad Nacional de Educación sumak yachana wasika Ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachaytami, ishkay waranka chunka sukta watapi wiñachin, kutin kay yachaypika mana achka ishkay shimita rimak (kichwa-castellano) yachakukkunachu yachakunkpa yaykunkuna, ashtawanka castellano shimita rimak mishukunami chay yachaymanka yaykunkuna (monolingües), kutin ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachakuk tukunkapaka shuk runa shimillatapish yachanami kan, chay mutsuywanmi kichwa shimita, chay español shimillatak rimakkunama yachachinata kallarinchik, yachachik tukushpaka ishkay shimita rimashpa yachana wasikunaman yallichunkuna.

Ishkay shimita rimak yachachikkuna kashpallami ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachaytaka sinchiyachina usharinkanka (Bombín 2016), mana kashpaka, kunan pacha shuk shimillata rimak yachachikkuna shina runapa shimitaka wakllichishpami katinkakuna. Ña mana runa shimipi yachachinkakuna, wamprakunata mana kichwapi rimachinkakuna, chay llakika shamuk punchakunapika runa shimi chinkarinami yuyani. Sinami, imakunata rurankapaka kichwa shimita kikin kawsaypa kakta rikurin, paywanmi shuktak llaktakunawan rimanakurin (Iza 2019).

Kay kichwa shimita yachakuk yachakukkunaka ishkay suyukunamanta kankuna, shukunaka kucntisuyumanta, kutin shukkunaka punasuyumanta, wakinkunaka runakunallatak, shinapish ña kichwa shimita mana taytamamakuna yachachishkakuna, kutin wakinkunaka mishukuna kichwa shimita yachakuna munankuna paykunapa runa sapikunata kuyaywan yuyashpa; shinapish, wakinpika kichwa shimika mana allí rikushkachu kana kan (Toaquiza 2015); chaymantami kushi yuyaywan kichwa yachaykunata sumakta paktankunapish; kati milkapi charinchik mashna yachakukkunami tiyan, shinallata mashna shuklla shimita rimakkunata, kutin mashnami ishkay shimita rimankuna.

En el ámbito escolar, los maestros usan el quichua sólo para saludar al inicio de cada clase, mientras los niños pueden saberlo y usarlo extra-aula, pero no lo usan con los profesores. Por ejemplo, en una de las Escuelas del Milenio de una parroquia de Bolívar, el uso del quichua es meramente simbólico, folclórico y museístico: en las paredes se encuentran escritos en quichua los días de la semana, los meses, las partes del cuerpo, los números, etc.; se usan fórmulas de saludo muy elaboradas: allí puncha mashi yachachik, allí shamushka kachun, pero no se usa como lengua de interacción real en la escuela. Por otro lado, varios estudiantes hablan y entienden el quichua, pero éste se usa en la interacción extra aula

. (Garcés 2020:12)

Garcés paypak taripaypi killkash rikuchin tawka llakikuna kichwa shimipi kay punchakuna rikurimushkamanta. Kichwa shimika kunan punchakunallapimi killkayta, rimayta, uyayta allichishka kan; chaymantami sinchitatak hamutayana, yuyarinapish kanchik. Kunan punchakunamanka tawka kamukuna, shimiyuk kamukunapishmi killkarishka, shinapish kaykunaka mana kichwa shimipichu killkashkakuna kan, ashtawankari castellano shimipimi kichwa shimi yuyayta, yachayta killkashkakuna, chaymantami kichwa sapiyuyaykuna wakinpika chinkarishka. Sinapish kichwa shimipa yuyay-munayka willaymi kan, chay yuyaytaka pipash mana imata nipnchuk (Kowii 2017).

Chay yuyaykunata hamutashpami kay yachay llamkaytaka kichwa shimimantalla, kichwa yuyaywanlla yachakuna, yachachina, killkana yuyanchik, tukuy yachay shimi kamachikkunapi, kaytaka yuyanchik rimanchikpish kichwa shimi amawtariyachun.

Kichwa yachakuyka Ecuador kichwa runakunapa kawsayta, kichwa shimita tantalla, wayka sinchiyachinkapakmi llamkanchik kay yuyawan:

  • Kichwa runapura, may llaktapi kashpapash, yuyaykunata alli hamutashpa hawalla rimanakunkapak.

  • Kikin kawsaytami sinchiyachin; shinaka, kawsay pachapi pi kashkata, maymanta kashkata, imashina kashkata, imashina wiñarinatapish yachankapak.

  • Yachaywasikunapi, yachaykunata kichwa shimipi yachachikpika kichwa shimita yachakkunaka ashtawan hawalla hamutachun, paykunapa yuyaykunatapash mana pinkashpa hawalla rimachun.

  • Tukuy markakunapi suyukunapi mamallaktakunapi chayshinalla kichwata rurashpaka tukuykunami hamutashun, shinaka, kichwa kawsaymarkatami tantachishpa sinchiyachishun. Ecuador mama llactapika sukta chinkan rimaykunapi tiyan, chaymantami yachachikkunamanka, chay chikan rimaykunatapish yachachina kan, kichwa yachay yuyay sinchiyachun

  • Ñukanchik llaktakunapa yachaykunata, yuyaykunata, makiruraykunata, takikunata arawikunata shuktakkunatapish alli yachashpa sinchiyachinkapak.

Milka 1: UNAE-EIB mashna yachakukkuna taripay llamkaypi kashkaman 

Ñukallata rurashka milka

Kay milka rikuchinmi, kanchis chunka ishkay yachakukkunamantaka, pichka yachakukkunallami ishkantin kichwa castellano shimita rimankuna, ashtawanka shuk shimita rimak yachakukkunami tiyan, nishun sukta chunka kanchis yachakukkunami shuk shimillata rimankuna. Kay rikuywanka shuk shimita rimak yachakukkunamanmi kichwa yachaytaka allichina kanchik.

Shukniki pataypi mana ishkay shimita rimak yachakukkunata charinchikchu, ashunka chunka shuk español shimitallatak rimak yachakukkunatami charinchik, chaywanka kichwa shimitaka ishkay shimi shinatakmi yachachina kan paykunamanka; shinallatak ishkaniki paytaypika pichwa ishkay shimita (kichwa-español) rimak yachakukkunatami charinchik kutin chunka kimsa shuk shimillatak rimak yachakukkunatami charinchik, wakimpika chay ishkay shimita rimak mashikunaka achkatami yanapashkakuna, paykunami mashikunataka uyaypi, rimaypi, killkakatiypi killkaypipash yachakuyukupi kanchapipash yanapashkakuna. Kimsaniki pataypika ishkayniki shimita rimak yachakukkunataka manata charinchichu, kutin español shimillatak rimak yachakukkunataka chunka pusaktami charinchik, chuskuniki pataypika ishkay shimita rimak yachakukkunata mana charinchichu, kutin castellano shimillatak rimak yachakukkunataka kimsa chunkatami charinchik.

Kay rikushkamantami kichwa yachaytaka ishkayniki shimi shina yachakuyta kallarishkanchik; shinami, kichwa shimipi imatak yachanamanta, imashina yachanamanta sinchiyachinkapak wiñachinchik.

Milka 2: MCER yachaykunawan kimirish taripshpa llamkashka yuyaykuna 

Ñukallata rurashka milka

Rikuchishka milkawanmi kanchish tantachi milkawan yachachirishka, kay milka yachay ñanta yanapakka rikuchinmi imashinami yachaykunaka uyayta, ñawiriyta/killkakatinata, rimayta, rimanakuyta killkaytapish paktachina kanchi, kichwa shimi yachayka mana chikanyarishpalla yachakuna kanchu, shinapish tukuy pichkantitak pakta pakta yachakushpami kichwa shimitaka yachakurin; wakin pachapika yachakukkunaka mana yachakushka yachachikkuna ishkay kimsa yachaykunallapi kurishpa man rimachiskakuna, mana rimanakuchiskakuna, mana killkachishkakunapish, chay illaykunamantami wakin yachana wasikunapi tawka watakunata kichwa yachayta yachachishkakuna yachakushkakunapis, shinallata ashallata yachashpa sakirishkakuna.

Shimita yachakunkapakka, yachakukmi kushikuywan yachakuna kan, shinami yachakukkunallata sumakta yachakunkuna, kichwa shimipa mushuk yachaykunata yuyaykunatapish utkalla hamutankakuna. Yachaywasika wamprakunata tantachishpa, rimachishpa, pukllachishpami sumakta yachachina kan.

Kichwata ishkayshimi shina yachachinkapakka yachachikmi rimanakuywan alli yachachina kan. Kay yachakuyta ñawpaman apashkanchikmi shina: hunkaypika ishkay punchapimi yachachishkanchik; punchanta ishkay ishkay saylla. Shinapish kay pachakunaka mana tukuypa paktashkachu, yachakuy ashtawan sinchiyachunka ashtawan sayllakunami mutsurin.

YACHAKUYMANTA WILLAY

Kichwa shimita rimanakuywan yachachinkapakka yachakukkunaka yachaywasi ukupi, kanchapipish tawka llankaywanmi kushilla yachakuna kan. Kay llankaykunami yachakuyta alli yanapanka. Kay yachayka rurarishkami yachakuk yachachikwan, yachakuk sapalla, yachakuk sirmapi, yachakuk wasipi, kay tuyaywan, yachaywan rurashpallami alli yachakuyka rurarin.

Yachakukkuna ña yachayta tukuchishka washaka, chikan chikan wanprakuna tantanakushpami llankayñanta rurankuna, puchukay llankaytapish rikuchinkuna, shina llankashpallami wawakunaka alli llankayta, yachakuytapish rikuchinkakuna, charinkakunapish. Kay yachaypika kay llankaykunatami rurashkanchik; Ecuador Mamallaktapa tullpukkuna, sumakruraykuna “churanamanta” turumanta sumakruraykunamantapish.

Yachayukupika tullpuk runakunapa kawsaymanta, paykunapa llankaymanta, chikan chikan tullpuykuna imahina rurashkamantapishmi rikuchina kan. Imawan churanata ruranamanta, imashina ruranamanta, Cañari runapa, warmipa churana ña tukuchishka washa imashina sakiriymantapish. Turumanta ruraykunapika hatun Panpa ayllullakta, San Miguel de Porotos kitilli, Azogues kiti, Cañar markapi kawsak warmikunapa llankaymantami taripankuna.

Yachakuy pachami yachakukkunaka kallariypika kuyurik shuyuta rikunkuna, chaymantaka chy kuyurikshuyumantallatami rimankuna rimanakunkunapish, chaypa washaka yachakuy killkata ñawirinkuna/killkakatinkuna, chay ñawirishkamanta rimankuna rimanakunkunapish, katipika tawka ruraykunata rurankuna, chay ruraykunaka uyashka, rikushka, killkakatishkallamantallatakmi kan; chaymantaka shuk killkay milkatami wiñachinkuna, chay wiñachishka killkaytaka wakinpika paykunapura riksichinkuna, wakinpika shuk yachakukkunaman riksichinkuna. Yachayka rikushpa, uyashpa, rimashpa, rimanakushpa, killkakatishpa, killkashpallami sinchiyan, ashunkari yachakuk kikin ukkupi yachayta hapin, yachakuywan sakirinpish.

IMASHINA LLAMKAY RURARIYMANTA

Kay yachaypa llankaykunaka yachakukkunapa mutsuykunata paktachinkapakmi rurashka kan.

TUKURIY LLAMKAYTA ALLICHIY

Runa kawsaypika ima yachaytapish rurashpami yachashkanchik, chaymantami taytamamakunaka ninanta kamankuna wawakunataka nishpa “ñawika rikushpa, shimika rimashpa, makika rurarshpa”, kay sumak yuyaywanmi imatapish rurachishpalla yachachishkakuna; shinami ayllupi yachakuyka kallarin wawakunaka kallariypika rikushpa, chaypa washaka paykuna ña rikchankuna ima yachayta llamkaytapish; shina ña tawka kutin ña rikchashpa ashtawan allí rurash yachakushpapish katinkuna; kutin chay yachashkata wakinkunaman ña rikukuchishpa ashtawan yachakunkuna; ashtawankari yachakushkata shuk mashikunaman yachachishpami allitak yachashpa sikirinkuna.

Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha

Shuyu 1: UNAE yachanawasipi Tukuriy llamkaypak allichiriy 

Kaypika yachakukkunaka chikan chikan uchilla tantanakuykunapimi rakirishpa paykunapa tukuriy llamkayta ruranamanta rimanakunkuna, shinallata ima llamkayta ruranamantapish yuyarinkuna paykuna pura kimirinakushpa, yuyaykunata chimpapurachishpapish, kay ruraypaka paykunallatakmi minkarinkuna, kimirinkuna, yanaparinkuna alli rurana yachakunapish yuyayllawan. Kay llamkaypika yachakukkunami 95 % pachata rurana charin, kutin yachachikka 5 % pachallatami yanapana charin, chaymi yachakukkunaman shtawan llamkayta kun, kutinpish kutinpish nipanchik tukuy kay llamkayka kichwallapimi rurashka kanka, rimana, rimanakuna, killkakatina, killkanapish.

Yachaykunata tukuchishka washaka, yachakukkunawan paktami puchukay llamkayta yuyarina kan; shimikunata killkana, yachayñankunata, yachay hillaykunata, shinallatak kichwa shimi awariyta ruraykunata paktachinkapak. Puntapika purikrikuchiykunatami rikuchina kan, shinallatak, ñawpa rimaykunatami uyachina kan, kay hillaykunami ña yachayta tukuchinkapak yanapanka.

Kay kuskapika yachakukpura tantanakushpa rimanakushpa yuyarinakunkuna imatak imamantatak tukuriy llamkaytaka rurakrinkuna, shinapish paykuna purallatakmi tantanakuyta sinchiyachinkapak pushaykunata minkarinkuna, shukunaka pushakkuna, shukunaka killkakkuna, shukunaka shuyukkuna, shukkunaka wakinkunata yanapankapa yuyarinakunkuna, shinami sumakta yachayñanta wiñachinkuna katik ruraykunapi paktachinkapak.

TANTANAKUSHPA TUKURIY LLAMKAYTA ALLICHINKUNA

Tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapa yachay ñanta rurashka kipaka, imapi minkarishkakunapimi wakinpika chikan chikan llamkankuna, kutin wakinpika tantanakushpa yanaparishpa waykalla llamkayta paktachiypa llamkankuna. Kay llamkaypika ashtawan kichwata yachakkunami pushaytukunkuna, shinallatak ashallatak yachakkunaka yanaparinkuna, minkarinkunapish wakin mashikunapi. Chay llankaypami chikan chikan uchilla tantanakuykunataka chakrushpa rurana ashtawan yachakkunawan ashallatak yachakkunawanpish, pakta pakta tuy yachakukkuna yachakuchunkuna.

Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha

Shuyu 2: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy llamkayta allichiy 

Kay yachachikkunaka rikuchinkunami imashina wasita rurankuna ayllullaktakunapi, shinallatak tukuy llamkaypimi minkaywan rurankuna, chaypaka paykuna willanmi ima ruraykunallatami shuk wasita rurankapak rurana charin, chaypa washa wasita rurash rikuchinkuna kichwallapi rimashpa, wasi ima kuskakunata charikta, ima hillaykunawan rurashkata, pikunallami wasi ruraypi yanapankuna, chay wasi ruraypika rikurin, yacharin ima yuyayta, imashina kawsayta charikta; shinallatak ima mikuykuna, upyaykuna, yachaykunapish tiyakta.

Katipika paktaykunata rikuriyankapakmi willaykunata kuna kan. Pushakmi yachakukkunaman achikllata willanka maykan paktaykunamanmi rikuchiywanka chayana kan; willaykuna alli hamutashka kachunmi rikuriyana kan, shina yachakukkuna paykuna munay kikin yachaykunawan tantanakushpa llamkachunkuna.

Ama pantaykuna tiyachunka ima llamkayta ruranata, imashina llamkanata, imawan llamkantaka pankapi killkashpa killkakatishpa rimashpa rimanakushpapishmi yachachina, rikuchina yachachinapish kan, shina rurashpallami tukuriy llamkayka allí rurarinka, wakinpika kichwa shimillapi rikuchikpika mana allí hamutankunachu, chaymanta allimi kan yachakukkunapa mamashimipipish yachachina allitak hamutachun mana pantaykunawan taririchunkuna.

TUKURIY LLANKAYTA ÑA RIKUCHINKAPA ALLICHISHKAKUNA

Tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapaka tukuy rikuchiypa yachaytami allí yachankuna, chaypa washaka tukuy hillaykunatami rikuchinkapak allichinkuna, wakin hillaykunataka yachakukkunallata rurankuna, wakin hillaykunataka wasimanta apamunkuna, wakin hillaykunataka rantinkuna, mañankunapish; shinallami tantanakushpa, yanaparishpa, minkarishpa tukuy mutsuykunawan allichirinkuna.

Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha

Shuyu 3: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapa allichiriy 

Kay tukuriy llamkaypika, yachakukkunaka rikuchinkunami makanakuna, chumpikuna, shuktak churanakunata imashina rurankuna, ima shutikunatami charinkuna, imashinami tullpunkuna, imashinami tukuchinkuna ña katunkapa churarinkapapish.

Kimsanikipika yachayukupimi puchukay llamkaykunata yachaykunatapish rikuchina kan, pushakpa yanapaywanmi tullpuymanta, churanamanta, mankakunata turumanta ruranamantapish yachayñata rikuchina kan.

Tukuy allichishka tukuriy llamkaykunatami yachakukunaka rikuchinkuna yachana ukupi, chaypaka kallarinkunami paykuna riksichishpa pikunami kankuna, imatami rikuchiypa allichishkakuna.

Tullpuymanta rikuchiy tantanakuyka kallariypika rimankuna imami kan, imapami kan, chaypa washaka rimashkakunami Secoya Runa Ramon Piyaguaje, Shinallatak chibuleo Runa Sayri Shigalomantapish tullpukkunamanta, imatami paykuna tullpun, ima hillaykunawan, ima tullpuykunawan ashunkari ima yuyaywanmi kay hatun runakuna tullpuykunata wiñachin tullpunkunapish. Tukuriypika tukuy chay rikuchiypi kakkunawan shuk rikcha tullputa wiñachishpa tullpuchirkakuna, chaypaka imashinami tullpuna, imashinami tullpukunata chakkruna, imashinami tullpunkapa hillaykunata mutsunamantapish yachachishpa rurachishpapish, shinami chay tukuriy llamkayka shuk sumak tullpuywan tukurirka kichwapi rimashpa, rimanakushpa yuyashpapish.

Churanakunamanta tukuriy llamkay rikuchiyka kallariypika kimsa kuskakunapi awaymantami rimarkakuna, kaykunami kankuna; Chimborazo Marca, Cacha kitillimanta “coco ruwana” churanakunamanta, Cañar Marca “amarrado ruwanamanta”, kutin tukuriypika Cuenca Marca “makana” churanamanta, kaypika kimsatak churanakunami shinallatak rikurin, rurarin rimashpa rikuchishkakuna. Kay rikuchiypaka Gualaseo Kitikmanmi rirkanchik shuk ayllu kawsayman, maypimi tukuy imashinami chay churanata kallarimanta pacha rurarikta rikuchirkakuna rurashpa; kallariypika millmata charina, chaypa washaka puchkana, puchkataka tullpuna, tullpushka washaka awana maki awana hillaypi.

Turumankamanta tukuriy llamkayka kallariypi rikuchin imashinami Cañar Marca, Azogues kiti, San Miguel Kitillipi ñawpa taytamamakuna chayra turumanta mankakunata, shilakunata, mulukunata, kunkipiñukunata chayra turumanta rurash kawsaypa mutsunkuna shinallatak shuktak kitikunamanpish katunkapak llukchinkuna; paykunaka imashinami rurankuna, ima allpakunatami mutsunkuna, imashinami tukuchiyta rurankuna tukuy rurashkakunata ninapi kusashpa ña katuypa kachankapa; paykunaka tukuchishkakunami kay hatun pampa kuskapi turumankakunata ruasha kari warmi runakuna kawsahkamanta.

TUKUKURIY LLAMKAYTA RIKUCHINKUNA

Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha

Shuyu 4: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy llamkayta rikuchiy 

Kaypika shuk yachakuk mashimi paypa tukuriy llamkayta rikuchikun yachachikman, shinallatak paypa mashikunamanpish allpankaykunamanta, kaykunaka kanmi: allpa, yaku, wayra, ninapish, kaypika rimanmi imashinami tukuy allpankaykuna yanaparin runakunam allí kawsayta kunkapa, shinaka, runakunaka chykunapi minkarishkallami kankuna kawsankapa.

Yachayukuta rikuchik kuskaman tikrashka washaka, yachakukkunaka kichwa shimita rimashpallami paykunapak kikin llamkayta paktachinkakuna. Hillaykunawan llamkashpa, kushikuywan rimanakushpapishmi kay pachaka llamkana kan. Kay llamkay pachaka, pushakka yanapay mutsukrikllapimi rurana kan.

Kay pachapika yachakukkunami tukuy pushayta apankuna, paykunallatakmi ruraykunata llamkaykunata kamachinkuna imashinami allichiypi yuyarirkakuna killkarkakuna yachakurkakunapish; chay yuyaywanmi pachatak nikitapish rakirinkuna ña tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapa. Yachachikka, kay kuskapika mana may imata ruranchu ashtawankarin rikuchiyta imashina rurakta rikunapimi kurin, ima paktaykuna, ima pantaykuna tiyakta ñawpaman rimanakunkapa.

YACHAYTA TUKUCHISHKA WASHA

Yachakukkunaka, tukuriy llamkayta rikuchishka washaka yachayukutaka punta kashka shinamanmi tikrachina kan, chaypaka tukuy ima apamushkatami tantankuna, shinallatak wakaychinkuna ama ima chy rikuchishka kuskapi sakirichun, kay llamkayta rurankapakka tukuy yachakukkunami yachachikpa yanapaywan tantanakushpa llankamkakuna.

Wakinpika ima mikuna upyanatapish apamushpa pampa mikuna rushpami tukuchirin, kuyayta yanapariyta apanakuyta, karanakuytapish yachakukpura yachachikwanpish rikuchishpa, chay tiyachiunka alli apanakuypishmi tiyana charin yachakukpura, yachakukkunawan yachakikwanpish, shinallami yachakuyka alli llukshin.

TUKURIY LLAMKAY KAMAYKU

Kay taripayka ishkay kamaykutami charipan, shukka kanmi taripay kamayku, kutin shukka kanmi yachayta kamayku.

Taripay kamayku, kayka kimsa pachapimi kamaykurishka, kallariypika tukuy taripay llamkay pacha, chaypa kipaka ña taripay tukurikukpi, shinallatak ña taripay llamkay tukurishka washa, chay kimsa pacha kamaykushkami willan shina llamkanaka allimi kan, yachakukkunaka ashtawan puykunallata yachakuypi kurinkuna, kipaka paykuna pura aylluyarinkuna, paykunallatak paykunapa yachayta pushankuna, mana hamutarishpaka shuk kamukunapi taripankuna, wakinpika shuk mashikunaman tupunkuna yachayta yuyayta ashtawan sinchiyachinkapa.

Yachayta kamayku, kay yachachiy llamkaypika kamaykuka tukuy pachami rurarin, ashunkari yachakukpurapishmi kamaykunkuna; yachachikka tukuy pachami kamaykun, yachakuy kallarishkamanta pacha, shina: kallariypika uyayta alli hamutaymanta, chay washaka killkakatiyta hamutaymanta, shinallatak rimayta, rimanakuyta, killkaytapish, shina kamaykushpallami yachayka allí ñawpaman aprin. Kichwa yachakukkunaka pakta paktami tukuy yachaykunata yachakuna ruranapish charin, wakin yachayta mana pakta pakta hapishpaka yachaypi kipayanllami, chayka ashtawan ñawpapika llakitami kun yachakukman yachachikmanpish. Kay katipaytaka rurarinmi allí yachakuchun yuyashpa mana yupayta churankaraykuka, kay yuyayka kichwa shimita yachakuchun yuyashpami rurarin.

Yachakukkunata tupuyka tukuy pachami rurana kan, ima llakikunata charikpika yanapaytami tukuy pacha karana kan, yachachikka yachakukkunawanmi rimanakushpa, yuyaykunata chimpapurashpapishmi tupuna kan.

TUKURIY YUYAY

UNAE sumakyachaywasipa kichwa shimita yachachina, yachakuypish rimanakushpa yachayñanwanmi llakashpa shamunchik, shinami ashankaman ashankaman sumak yachaykunata paktamunchik, mushuk yachaykunatapishmi wiñachishpa shamunchik; kay llamkayka kay yachaykunallatakmi sakishka:

Ñukanchik llaktapa shimikunata yachachina, yachakunapish yachakukkunapa mutsurikunawan yuyaykunawanpishmi pakta pakta rina kan.

Minkarishpa shimikunata yachakunkapakka, yachakukkuna pura, yachakukkuna yachachikwanpish apanakushpallami alli kan, yachakuypish hawallami kanka.

Kay yachakuyka kikin kawsayta, yuyayta, yachaytapishmi ashtawan sinchiyachin, shinashpallami wakinkunaka ashtawan runayankuna.

Tukuriy llamkaywanka tukuy yachakukkunami pakta pakta yachakunkuna uyanata kilkakatinata, rimanata, rimanakunata, killkanatapish, kay yachaykunawan pakta yachashpaka ña kichwata rimakunallami.

Runa yuyaypika rurashpami yachakuna kan, chay yuyay-yachayta paktachishpami kichwa shimitaka hawalla yachakuna usharin.

Antisuyu yachakukkunami ashtawan kichwa shimita yachakushkakuna, wakin punasuyu yachakukkunaka mana may yachakushkakunachu, kayta yachankapaka shuktak taripaytachari rurana kanma yuyani.

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Received: August 17, 2021; Accepted: January 07, 2022

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