Revista Técnica energía

Evaluación de Coherencia en el Sistema Nacional Interconectado Ecuatoriano empleando Mediciones Sincrofasoriales

Resumen: This paper presents the coherency evaluation of the dynamic coherency in the Ecuadorian power system, using measurements obtained from Synchrophasor Measurement Units (PMUs) located at the main substations of the backbone transmission system. Based on the time series delivered by the PMUs, such as frequency, rate of change of frequency, voltage or current phasors, data mining techniques are applied to determine the coherent areas. Several batch clustering techniques has been applied to analyze post-contingency signals in an offline environment. For real time analysis, new algorithms based on stream data concepts have been implemented. For the evaluation of coherent areas using post-contingency data, validation indexes are used to measure the quality of the clustering process, these indexes are calculated based on the density of the data within the same group or the distance between different groups. For the real time coherency analysis, recursive clustering algorithms are studied and implemented. These algorithms are capable of identifying the number of groups, as well as their composition, through the change of its parameters according to the last received information.

Abstract: This paper presents the coherency evaluation of the dynamic coherency in the Ecuadorian power system, using measurements obtained from Synchrophasor Measurement Units (PMUs) located at the main substations of the backbone transmission system. Based on the time series delivered by the PMUs, such as frequency, rate of change of frequency, voltage or current phasors, data mining techniques are applied to determine the coherent areas. Several batch clustering techniques has been applied to analyze post-contingency signals in an offline environment. For real time analysis, new algorithms based on stream data concepts have been implemented. For the evaluation of coherent areas using post-contingency data, validation indexes are used to measure the quality of the clustering process, these indexes are calculated based on the density of the data within the same group or the distance between different groups. For the real time coherency analysis, recursive clustering algorithms are studied and implemented. These algorithms are capable of identifying the number of groups, as well as their composition, through the change of its parameters according to the last received information.

Optimización Multi-objetivo de Potencia Activa y Reactiva para crear la Curva PQ en las Barras del SEP

Resumen: En este trabajo, se propone un problema de optimización multiobjetivo de potencia activa y reactiva en las barras del sistema, el cual considera los límites operativos, la capacidad de generación, las reservas de potencia reactiva, capacidad de potencia activa, las restricciones de transmisión, y los límites de voltaje del sistema eléctrico de potencia (SEP). El problema de optimización multiobjetivo propuesto se basa en una combinación de la función objetivo1: margen de potencia reactiva y la función objetivo 2: potencia activa, en la barra sujeta a analisis del margen del SEP. Del problema multiobjetivo se obtiene la Frontera de Pareto, que representa la curva PQ (proyección de la curva PV y QV sobre el plano) de la barra en análisis. El modelo del problema de optimización es aplicado a un sistema de prueba para su validación y análisis de resultados. De esta manera se proporciona una medida confiable para evaluar la estabilidad de voltaje y la seguridad del sistema en redes eléctricas considerando los límites máximos de operación del SEP.

Abstract: In this work, a problem of multiobjective optimization of active and reactive power in the bars of the system is proposed, which considers the operating limits, the generation capacity, the reactive power reserves, the active power capacity, the transmission restrictions, and the voltage limits of the electric power system (SEP). The proposed multi-objective optimization problem is based on a combination of the objective function1: reactive power margin and the objective function 2: active power, in the bar subject to analysis of the SEP margin. From the multiobjective problem the Pareto Border is obtained, which represents the PQ curve (projection of the PV and QV curve on the plane) of the bar under analysis. The optimization problem model is applied to a test system for its validation and analysis of results. In this way, a reliable measure is provided to evaluate the voltage stability and the security of the system in electrical networks considering the maximum operating limits of the SEP.

Adecuaciones al Modelo de Relé de Distancia (ANSI tipo 21) de ATPDraw para Viabilizar el Análisis del Desempeño Dinámico de esta Protección en Esquemas de Apertura y Recierre Monopolar para Líneas de Transmisión

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza el desempeño dinámico del relé de distancia (ANSI tipo 21) ante la ocurrencia de fallas monofásicas seguidas de apertura y recierre monopolar, aplicado a un sistema eléctrico de potencia (SEP) de prueba mediante adecuaciones al modelo de relé de distancia disponible en el software Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Debido a que el modelo de relé 21 disponible en la biblioteca de ATP no dispone de un identificador de fases falladas, se ha realizado adecuaciones al modelo para que opere de manera monofásica; el principal cambio se da en su comparador. El modelo de relé desarrollado es implementado dentro de un esquema de protección primaria para una de las dos líneas de transmisión que enlazan a dos subestaciones del SEP de prueba, donde lo que se busca es analizar el desempeño dinámico del relé frente a dos diferentes modelos de líneas, un modelo pi; el cual es utilizado comúnmente por programas dedicados a la configuración y coordinación de protecciones, y un modelo de línea JMarti, el cual considera la naturaleza de los parámetros distribuidos y la dependencia a la frecuencia. Para ambos casos se analiza la trayectoria de la impedancia calculada por los relés 21 y además, mediante el desarrollo de un algoritmo, se simula la actuación de la función especial perteneciente al relé de distancia llamada Bloqueo por Oscilación de Potencia (PSB por sus siglas en inglés).

Abstract: This paper analyzes the distance relay (ANSI type 21) dynamic performance in presence of single line to ground faults followed by single pole trip and reclosing, applied to Electrical Power System (SEP) referred to thought adaptations to the distance relay model available in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software. Due to the relay model 21 available in ATP-library does not have a failed phase identifier, adjustments have been made to the model to operate in a single phase manner; the main change occurs in their comparator. The relay model developed is implemented within a primary protection scheme for one of the two transmission lines that link to two substations of the test SEP, where it is sought to analyze the dynamic performance of the relay against two different line models, a pi model; which is commonly used by programs dedicated to the configuration and coordination of protections, and a JMarti line model, which considers the nature of distributed parameters and frequency dependence. In both cases, the impedance trajectory seen by the relays 21 is analyzed and in addition, thought the development of an algorithm, the performance of the special function of distance relay called Power Swing Blocking (PSB) is simulated

Modeling of DSTATCOM Devices to Improve Dynamic Voltage Stability in a Microgrid with High Penetration of Motor Loads

Resumen: A través de este artículo se propone y valida modelos de dispositivos de tecnología FACTS de tipo Compensador Estático Sincrónico para Distribución (DSTATCOM). En primera instancia, se presenta el modelado de un DSTATCOM simplificado realizado a través de una fuente de corriente controlada. Posteriormente, se expone un DSTATCOM modelado a través de estrategias de control considerando un conversor PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation - Modulación por ancho de pulsos). Los modelos propuestos de dispositivos DSTATCOM se validan en un sistema de prueba de Microrred Eléctrica (MRE) de la CIGRÉ. La presencia de cargas de tipo motor de inducción en la MRE requiere una considerable demanda de potencia reactiva, esto ocasiona inconvenientes para mantener la Estabilidad Dinámica de Tensión (EDT). Ésta situación se agrava ante la ocurrencia de fallas que desencadenen una operación aislada de la MRE. Para solucionar estos inconvenientes se hará uso de un dispositivo DSTATCOM. La conexión y ubicación óptima del DSTATCOM en la MRE se realiza a través de un algoritmo de búsqueda exhaustiva, considerando la premisa del mejor rendimiento en términos de EDT realizado a través de simulaciones dinámicas en PowerFactory DIgSILENT. Comparativamente se presentan los resultados obtenidos para los dos modelos realizados, demostrándose la mejora de la EDT en la operación aislada de la MRE con ambos modelos. Dependiendo del detalle y alcance de los estudios en el sistema de MRE, se puede elegir entre los modelos DSTATCOM desarrollados. Todos los detalles de modelos, esquemas de control y datos de los dispositivos DSTATCOM son proporcionados en este documento.

Abstract: This paper proposes and validates models of FACTS technology devices of the Synchronous Static Compensator for Distribution (DSTATCOM) type. In the first instance, a simplified DSTATCOM modeling performed through a controlled current source is presented. Subsequently, a DSTATCOM modeled through control strategies is exposed considering a PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) converter. The proposed models of DSTATCOM devices are validated in a CIGRÉ Electrical Microgrid (MG) test system. The presence of induction motor type loads in the MG requires a considerable demand for reactive power, this causes inconveniences to maintain the Dynamic Voltage Stability (DVE). This situation is aggravated by the occurrence of failures that trigger an isolated operation of the MG. To solve these problems, a DSTATCOM device will be used. The optimal connection and location of DSTATCOM in the MG is done through an exhaustive search algorithm, considering the premise of the best performance in terms of DVE made through dynamic simulations in PowerFactory DIgSILENT. Comparatively, the results obtained for the two models performed are presented, showing the improvement of the DVE in the isolated operation of the MG with both models. Depending on the detail and scope of the studies in the MG system, you can choose between the developed DSTATCOM models. All details of models, control diagrams and data of DSTATCOM devices are provided in this document.

Metodología de cálculo de pérdidas de potencia y energía en el sistema de alumbrado público del Ecuador

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como finalidad analizar las pérdidas que producen el consumo de energía en los auxiliares de las luminarias y el tiempo de funcionamiento del sistema de alumbrado público de Ecuador. Se parte del tratamiento de información de las bases de datos georreferenciadas, que presentan las empresas distribuidoras a la Agencia de Regulación y Control de Electricidad. Con ayuda de software especializado se ejecuta el tratamiento de la información; se estratifica las luminarias usando como variables la potencia y tipo de fuente de luz. Un segundo análisis estudia el tiempo de funcionamiento empleando para ello la ecuación del tiempo. Los resultados de estos análisis sirven para calcular la energía y potencia que consumen las luminarias y sus auxiliares variando los tiempos de encendido en cada una de las empresas distribuidoras según su posición geográfica. Los resultados se comparan con lo establecido la Regulación vigente. Finalmente, se presenta una propuesta de cálculo de consumo de energía en los equipos auxiliares del sistema de alumbrado público y un procedimiento para recepción de información del alumbrado público con el fin de ajustar los valores de los consumos de los auxiliares establecidos en la Regulación vigente (ARCONEL 006/18)

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the losses produced by the energy consumption in lighting auxiliary equipment and the operating time of the public lighting system of Ecuador. It starts with the treatment of information from geo-referenced databases, presented by the electric utility companies to the Electricity Regulation and Control Agency. The information is processed in a specialized software; the luminaires are stratified using the power and type of light source as variables. A second analysis studies the operating time using the time equation. The results of these analyzes serve to calculate the energy and power consumption in the luminaires and their auxiliaries by varying the operating time in each of the electric utility companies according to their geographical position. The results are compared with the provisions of the current Regulation. Finally, a proposal for the consumption of auxiliaries based on international regulations and real data is presented, in addition to a procedure for receiving the information of the public lighting system in order to adjust the values of consumption of the auxiliaries established in the current Regulation (ARCONEL 006/18).

Diseño para la Conversión a un Sistema Subterráneo de la Red de Distribución de Energía Eléctrica en el Sector del Campus Centenario de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana

Resumen: La finalidad del articulo es presentar un diseño de conversión de redes de distribución de energía eléctrica aéreas públicas en medio y bajo voltaje, a redes de distribución de energía eléctrica subterránea en los alrededores de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana sede Guayaquil, permitiendo la modernización del sistema eléctrico público, prevención de accidentes, cortes de energía por sistemas deteriorado y mejorar el impacto visual de la zona. Para la elaboración del proyecto se realizó el levantamiento de información del sistema eléctrico existente, se determinó la demanda actual y la demanda proyectada, además se estimó el consumo por cocina de inducción para cada usuario. Se realizó el estudio lumínico, el diseñó del sistema de distribución en medio voltaje, los centros de distribución de carga, centros de transformación, conductores y protecciones necesarias. De acuerdo a las proyecciones realizadas, el diseño planteado alimentará la carga actual y la que se incrementará en los próximos 10 años.

Abstract: The purpose of the project is to present a design for the conversion of public air power distribution networks in medium and low voltage to distribution networks of underground electric energy in the surroundings of the Polytechnic University Silesian Guayaquil, allowing the modernization of the electrical system Public, accident prevention, power cuts by deteriorated systems and improve the visual impact of the area. For the elaboration of the project was carried out the information gathering of the existing electrical system, the current demand and the projected demand were determined, in addition the consumption by induction cooker for each user was estimated. The light study, the design of the distribution system in half voltage, the distribution centers of load, transformation centers, conductors and necessary protections were realized. According to projections made, the design proposed will feed the current load and increase in the next 10 years.

Simulación causal para el consumo eléctrico residencial

Resumen: Un modelo dinámico basado en diagramas causales pretende identificar todos los factores involucrados en el comportamiento de un fenómeno especifico. El presente artículo implementa un modelo dinámico basado en diagramas causales que busca identificar el comportamiento y respectivo consumo eléctrico residencial. La metodología aplicada involucra variables aleatorias que buscan replicar el comportamiento estocástico al interior de una vivienda durante el día, la intención de aplicar un modelo causal radica en la interacción y dependencia existente entre variables, es decir el condicionamiento que debe existir entre la ejecución de una actividad y su consecuente respuesta, tales criterios se ven reflejados en el uso de variables binarias, que simulan estados de encendido/apagado así como estados booleanos verdadero/ falso. Para la simulación, se consideran valores de consumo típicos en electrodomésticos para una residencia promedio en la ciudad de Quito, temporalidad de uso y su probabilidad de encendido bajo determinadas condiciones. La simulación se ejecuta en VENSIM, al tratarse de un software diseñado para trabajar con modelos dinámicos. Los resultados obtenidos establecen que la metodología propuesta presenta 24.95% de error con respecto a mediciones reales.

Abstract: The dynamic model use causal diagrams pretends to identify all factors involved behavior from specific system. This paper introduces a dynamic model based on causal diagrams that look at recognize it behavior and household energy consumption. Methodology applied includes random variables that looking for reply stochastic behavior inside house over day, the intention to apply a causal model implies identify interaction and dependency existing between variables. That means conditional and immediately response, such as criteria reflects in binary variables use, that represents ON / OFF states such as Boolean states TRUE / FALSE. For simulation, is considered typically values from consumption in electrical devices for household average in Quito, use time and turn on probability under specifically conditions. Simulation is running at VENSIM specific software for dynamics models. Results shows that proposed methodology presents is 24.95 % error respect to real measurements.

Óptimo dimensionamiento y ubicación de generación fotovoltaica en una microred georeferenciada utilizando generación de columnas

Resumen: Within the Electricity Distribution Systems (EDS), consumers have the energy demand, which is the main topic of discussion, which is necessary to satisfy it. From this point on, it is important to consider that the fact of delivering energy from the centralized generation points to the loads implies a great investment and expense, if the following considerations are put on the table: energy losses, operating costs, levels of voltage, etc. Distributed Generation (DG), using non-standard renewable energy (NSRE), opens a space as a possible solution to specific problems, since the GD is located at strategic points and close to loads and has the capacity to meet demand required in said node, as well as delivering power to the EDS, if necessary; Therefore, the technical, economic and operational problems that may exist are minimized. This document will present the optimal location and dimensioning of the DG units with photovoltaic technology that will be introduced to the EDS by means of an algorithm, which will allow to minimize operating costs, based on the method of generating columns that will be implemented; In addition to generating a micro network without routing, which represents a scenario, as real as possible, from georeferencing with the help of graph theory to be implemented.

Abstract: Within the Electricity Distribution Systems (EDS), consumers have the energy demand, which is the main topic of discussion, which is necessary to satisfy it. From this point on, it is important to consider that the fact of delivering energy from the centralized generation points to the loads implies a great investment and expense, if the following considerations are put on the table: energy losses, operating costs, levels of voltage, etc. Distributed Generation (DG), using non-standard renewable energy (NSRE), opens a space as a possible solution to specific problems, since the GD is located at strategic points and close to loads and has the capacity to meet demand required in said node, as well as delivering power to the EDS, if necessary; Therefore, the technical, economic and operational problems that may exist are minimized. This document will present the optimal location and dimensioning of the DG units with photovoltaic technology that will be introduced to the EDS by means of an algorithm, which will allow to minimize operating costs, based on the method of generating columns that will be implemented; In addition to generating a micro network without routing, which represents a scenario, as real as possible, from georeferencing with the help of graph theory to be implemented.

Evaluación del potencial técnico y económico de la tecnología solar fotovoltaica para la microgeneración eléctrica en el sector residencial del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito

Resumen: Se evalúa el potencial técnico, económico y comercial de la tecnología solar fotovoltaica para micro generación eléctrica a nivel residencial en la zona urbana del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Se recopiló datos de interés pertenecientes a la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de Hogares (ENIGHUR). Los datos obtenidos fueron organizados a nivel de la zona urbana de Quito y sectorizados por parroquias para determinar su tendencia en cuanto a variables de ingresos, consumo eléctrico y urbanismo dentro del sector analizado. Se procedió al tratamiento estadístico por medio de SPSS de IBM y la extrapolación de datos a través de MATLAB Por medio de SAM, software especializado en simulación de instalaciones fotovoltaicas, se desarrolló simulaciones para sistemas de micro generación fotovoltaica en tejados, conectados a red y sin batería. Se modeló y dimensionó distintos escenarios a lo largo de cada parroquia urbana para su posterior análisis. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron calcular indicadores económicos como el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) para evaluar el potencial técnico, económico y comercial para la micro generación eléctrica a nivel residencial.

Abstract: The technical, economic and commercial potential of photovoltaic solar technology for residential micro power generation in the urban area of the Metropolitan District of Quito is determined. Data of interest belonging to the National Survey of Household Income and Expenses (ENIGHUR by its acronym in Spanish) was collected. The data obtained was organized at the level of the urban area of Quito and sectorized by parishes to determine their trend in terms of the variables of income, electricity consumption and urban planning within the sector analyzed. The statistical processing is performed through IBM SPSS and data extrapolation through MATLAB. Through SAM, software specialized in simulation of photovoltaic installations, simulations were developed for rooftop photovoltaic microgeneration systems, connected to the grid and without battery. It was modeled and sized and different scenarios throughout each urban parish for further analysis. The results obtained allowed the calculation of economic indicators such as the Net Present Value (NPV) to evaluate the technical, economic and commercial potential of the micro electric generation at the residential level.

Diseño de un Sistema de Monitoreo de Vibraciones Mecánicas en Generadores Hidroeléctricos de Media Potencia

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar una metodología dirigida a la monitorización y previsión del estado actual en un generador hidroeléctrico de media potencia. El procedimiento propuesto se basó en el monitoreo continuo del comportamiento energético de las señales de vibración, utilizando acelerómetros con salida proporcional al nivel de vibración de la velocidad general. La variable considerada es el valor eficaz de la velocidad de vibración referido a la cantidad de esfuerzo de fatiga. A través de instrumentación virtual las señales fueron procesadas y convertidas en un valor numérico, definiendo los límites superior e inferior para cada una de las zonas críticas (A, B, C, D) de acuerdo con los parámetros descritos en la norma STN ISO 10816. Se realizaron mediciones y registros históricos durante 3 semanas, durante ese periodo de evaluación el generador operó al 80 % de su capacidad, y se visualizó un espectro de onda con tendencia constante dentro del mismo rango de valores de 0,21 y 1,79 mm/s (para el eje axial) y 0,39 y 2,23 mm/s (para el eje radial), se concluyó que estos no superan el valor eficaz del rango 0,71 y 2,80 mm/s. Definir que el estado actual de la máquina rotativa se encuentra actualmente dentro de los límites de criticidad de la zona A (máquina nueva o reacondicionada), debido a que el grupo de generación fue sometido a trabajos de mantenimiento hace dos años, donde se repararon varios elementos del equipo, en los que destaca el cambio de rodetes y la sustitución por una turbina con mayor número de palas, garantizando al menos un funcionamiento normal en esta zona durante los próximos 6 años.

Abstract: The objective of the research was to develop a methodology aimed at monitoring and forecasting the actual condition in a medium power hydroelectric generator. The proposed procedure was based on the continuous monitoring of the energy behavior of the vibration signals, using accelerometers with output proportional to the general speed vibration level. The variable considered is the RMS value of the vibration velocity referred to the amount of fatigue stress. Through virtual instrumentation the signals were processed and converted into a numerical value, defining the upper and lower limits for each of the critical zones (A, B, C, D) according to the parameters described in the standard STN ISO 10816. Measurements and historical records were made during 3 weeks, during that evaluation period the generator operated at 80 % of its capacity, and a wave spectrum with a constant trend was displayed within the same range of values from 0.21 and 1.79 mm/s (for the axial axis) and 0.39 and 2.23 mm/s (for the radial axis), it was concluded that these do not exceed the RMS value of the range 0.71 and 2.80 mm/s. Defining that the actual state of the rotary machine is currently within the criticality limits of zone A (new or reconditioned machine), due to the fact that the generation group was subjected to maintenance work two years ago, where several elements of the equipment were repaired, in which the change of impellers and the replacement by a turbine with a greater number of blades stands out, guaranteeing at least one normal operation in this zone during the next 6 years.

Modelos de optimización matemática aplicables al sector downstream y midstream del petróleo. Revisión de la literatura y dirección de investigaciones futuras

Resumen: This article resumes a literature review about Integer Linear and No-linear programming models (MILP and MINLP) applied to petroleum supply chain, especially for Downstream and Midstream sectors. These sectors work in the hydrocarbons’ production, tailored and distribution for final uses, such as intermediate distillates and LPG. The aim of this research is contrast different research articles of operations research, especially which considered multiproduct pipeline transport. The main aim of this article has focused on a future approach of research for petroleum supply chain in the Downstream and Midstream sectors. Of the articles analyzed, the 32 articles tailored a MILP, about of 26 tailored a fuel`s distribution structure in Downstream sector. There is not evidence of MILP and MINLP researched in Ecuador. Finally, discuses about futures lines of research in this topic, such as applied a MILP for operative programing in multi-products pipelines network of Ecuador’s petroleum supply chain. Tools that in the future will lead take effectives decisions a tactic and operative level, considered whole variables in the distributions multi-products pipelines network for satisfied the demand.

Abstract: This article resumes a literature review about Integer Linear and No-linear programming models (MILP and MINLP) applied to petroleum supply chain, especially for Downstream and Midstream sectors. These sectors work in the hydrocarbons’ production, tailored and distribution for final uses, such as intermediate distillates and LPG. The aim of this research is contrast different research articles of operations research, especially which considered multiproduct pipeline transport. The main aim of this article has focused on a future approach of research for petroleum supply chain in the Downstream and Midstream sectors. Of the articles analyzed, the 32 articles tailored a MILP, about of 26 tailored a fuel`s distribution structure in Downstream sector. There is not evidence of MILP and MINLP researched in Ecuador. Finally, discuses about futures lines of research in this topic, such as applied a MILP for operative programing in multi-products pipelines network of Ecuador’s petroleum supply chain. Tools that in the future will lead take effectives decisions a tactic and operative level, considered whole variables in the distributions multi-products pipelines network for satisfied the demand.